Yudhisthira’s Wisdom

While running after a deer in the forest. the pandava brothers became thirsty. It was hot and they were tired. Then yudhlsthlra sent sahadev, one of his brothers to look for water. When he did not return, he sends the other three brothers one at a time. When none of them returned he himself went to look for them. He saw them lying on the ground near a pool. They were either dead or unconscious. Yudhlsthlra did not no that they had ignored a yakshya's warning not to drink the water of his pool until hey answer his questions.Although Yudhisthira was very thirsty, he obeyed the yakshya and answers all his quesuons correctly. The Yakshya was pleased with hlrn ready to revive (bring back to life) one of his brothers. Then Yudhisthira chose Nakula on the moral ground. Pleased with Yudhisthira's righteousness, the Yakshya showed himself as Yama, and revived the entire tour brother. He then advised them to go to Matcha and also promised to help them when they were in danger.This story may be trying to tell us some thing about the Importance of patience, obedience to god's wisdom and right conduct. Without these qualities, the pandava brothers would not have become successful. This story can also be Interpreted to mean that righteousness make us feel good here on earth. In other word good actions are immediately rewarded. CRITICAL THINKING An atheist may ask a lot of quesuons about this beautiful story. Do gods really exist? If they exist what is the proof for their existence? Is righteousness always rewarded?Arent the good people ever in trouble? In spite of such questions, the answer given by Yudhlsthlra Is very simple. I am very much satisfied with the answers to the questions. â€Å"what can a man give up and immediately become rich? † â€Å"it is desire. † If we have no desire we can really be happy. ASSIMILATION This tale has influence me very much. All the answers are Yudhisthira are simple but very powerful. If we follow his wisdom we can make our life successful. I also knew that the value of wisdom and patience. We should be as patience.

The American Sign Language

The American Sign Language or ASL is a formal and structured means by which people are able to communicate. Like all other languages, the ASL also follows specific structures or guidelines that set how this particular system is used to communicate. Over the years, there had been various definitions presented framing what the ASL is all about, as mentioned by Harry Markowicz in his transcript. However, Markowicz strongly discloses how established and generalized definitions of the ASL are, in actuality, myths that should be debunked in order to give way to the formation of a clear and factual connotation of the ASL.In Markowicz’ transcript, he revealed six myths about the ASL, thoroughly discussing justifications as to why widely held beliefs and ideas about ASL or simply sign language are, most of the time, inaccurate and false. According to Markowicz, sign language is not a universal language which is utilized and understood by the deaf populations all over the world. Like al l other languages, ASL differs from other systems of sign languages in other countries, just as the English language differs from the German, French, Spanish, etc. languages in form and in structure.Another myth is the widely held belief that since language is based on the meaning of words or sentences expressed, the sign language is also based on the conveyance of words or sentences through gestures. Some other beliefs relate to the idea that the ASL is a translation or a transposition of the English language. However, the sign language does not work that way. Communication through sign language, or the ASL for that matter, is based on concepts or impressions that may be expressed singularly through gestures. (Markowicz, 1980)The third myth has something do with how people often undervalue the sign language as merely a system of language through arbitrary gestures diminishing its formal and systematic structure. Markowicz revealed how the sign language follows various rules that co nstitute a succession of concurrent body movements, facial expressions, gestures, etc. Another myth is how the sign language is regarded as simply iconic or graphic. However, Markowicz argued how considering the sign language as simply a visual means of communication does not justify the system’s purpose of facilitating communication for the deaf.He rationalized that if the sign language is truly and simply iconic or visual, then people without hearing problems would be able to understand the language. This means that the sign language is not merely a visual stimulus, but a succession of meaningful concepts that are conveyed through the process of communication. (Markowicz, 1980) The fifth myth limits the communicative process facilitated by the sign language. Many people believe that the sign language is only capably of transmitting concrete and discrete ideas, leaving out the abstract and conceptual ideas that are easily expressed through words.Markowicz discounts this view by proving how the ASL has formal signs or gestures for abstract ideas such as love, faith, and such. The last myth discussed by Markowicz again touches on the issue of the form and structure of the sign language. People overlook the structural aspect of the sign language by disregarding how it is formed under grammatical rules and expressions. Markowicz justified his position by stating examples on how a particular thought differentiated by various patterns of inflections may be expressed through sign language according to their correct word arrangements. (Markowicz, 1980)The aforementioned arguments and justifications of Markowicz may be further proven by looking into other research studies, discussions, or transcripts concerning the sign language. For instance, the research study conducted by Padden and Ramsey (2000) regarding the ability of deaf children to read textual data as it is related to methods and strategies of instruction, has revealed how the sign language is not uni versal and word-based. The results and conclusions obtained from the research study have revealed how the competencies of deaf students differ according to their culture, family, and school environment.This means that based on discrepancies or gaps concerning sign language competencies among deaf students, they may not be able to communicate effectively even through shared sign language. Moreover, this particular research study proves that the sign language is not word-based since deaf students who read texts do not express the ideas from the book through the exact words or sentences in the text, but through various concepts or whole ideas gained from reading them.(Padden & Ramsey, 2000) Moreover, this also means that if deaf children are able to translate written texts to concepts in sign languages, this means that sign language is not simply a representation of concrete ideas, but also complex abstract thoughts and ideas that originated from the thinking process involved in unders tanding, analyzing, and judging written texts. The discussion relayed by Bellugi and Klima (1975) also supports Markowicz’ arguments by revealing how the sign language is formed or structured, debunking myths of it being merely glorified gestures and ungrammatical.According to Bellugi and Klima, the signs or gestures are translated into notational representations that form a complete thought or idea which is distinguishable in the English language. In addition, for each word or though represented through signs or gestures, there are proper and exact portrayal of simultaneous movements as observed in the figures included in Beluggi and Klima’s discussions. (Bellugi & Klima, 1975) Liddell (1980) explored the grammatical structure of the sign language comprehensively by analyzing the syntactic components of the ASL alongside the English language.On the other hand, the research study of Pettito (2000) discredits the myth about the sign language as iconic, which means that communication through the sign language is simply visual in nature, eliminating the form, structure, the grammar, and the formal learning process behind it. According to Pettito, babies will not be able to exhibit the formal and structural nature of either signed or spoken language, unless they are exposed to sign language or spoken language within their immediate environment.(Pettito, 2000) This rationalization supports Markowicz assumptions that a child will not be able to fully understand the concept of milk, unless he is exposed to the nature or processes behind the word. (Markowicz, 1980) References Bellugi, U. & Klima, E. S. (1975). â€Å"Aspects of Sign Language and its Structure† In: Kavanagh, James F. ; Cutting, James E. (eds. ). The Role of Speech in Language. Cambridge: MIT Press [335 pp. ], pp. 171-203. Retrieved February 20, 2009, from http://old. lib. ucdavis. edu/access/reserv/courses/90334. pdf Liddell, S. K. (1980) American Sign Language Syntax.The Hague: Mou ton, [194 pp. ], pp. 10-23, 68-80. Retrieved February 20, 2009, from http://old. lib. ucdavis. edu/access/reserv/courses/90335. pdf Markowicz, H. (1980) â€Å"Myths about American Sign Language† In: Lane, Harlan; Grosjean, Francois (eds. ). Recent Perspectives on American Sign Language. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, [170 pp. ], pp. 1-6. Retrieved February 20, 2009, from http://old. lib. ucdavis. edu/access/reserv/courses/90333. pdf Padden C. & Ramsey, C. (2000) â€Å"American Sign Language and Reading Ability in Deaf Children† In: Chamberlain, Charlene; Morford, Jill P. ; Mayberry, Rachel I.(eds. ). Language Acquisition by Eye. Mahwah, N. J. : Lawrence Erlbaum [276 p. ], pp. 165- 168, 177-189. Retrieved February 20, 2009, from http://old. lib. ucdavis. edu/access/reserv/courses/90337. pdf Petitto, L. A. (2000) â€Å"The Acquisition of Natural Signed Languages: Lessons in the Nature of Human Language and its Biological Foundations† In: Chamberlain, Charlene; Morford, J ill P. ; Mayberry, Rachel I. (eds. ). Language Acquisition by Eye. Mahwah, N. J. : Lawrence Erlbaum [276 p. ], pp. 41-50. Retrieved February 20, 2009, from http://old. lib. ucdavis. edu/access/reserv/courses/90336. pdf

Booker T vs Washington

Booker T Washington and W. E. B Du Bois offered different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discrimination faced by black Americans at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. By using my knowledge of the documents and my knowledge of the period 1877-1915, I was able to asses the appropriateness of each of the strategies in the historical context in which it was developed. I came to the conclusion that Booker T Washington’s strategy was more appropriate for the time period 1877-1915 then was W. E. B Du Bois’ strategy. A summarization of Booker T Washington’s strategy presented in The Atlanta Compromise Address or â€Å"Document D† would be to say that he wanted all black Americans to learn trades. He wanted them to pass on those skills, and use those skills so their families could have a better life. â€Å"Cast down your bucket where you are†¦while doing this you can be sure in the future, as in the past, that you and your families will be surrounded by the most patient, faithful, law-abiding, and un resentful people that the world has seen. †-Document D. This excerpt from the document basically says that when we are taught a specific trade and teach it to our families, they can in turn be successful and live good lives in the future. Because of you learning this skill and in turn teaching it to your family, they will be better off. A summarization of W. E. B Du Bois strategy can be described as ceaseless agitation stated in â€Å"The Niagara Movement†- â€Å"The Niagara Movement proposes to gain these ends†¦. If we expect to gain our rights by nerveless acquiescence in wrong, then we expect to do what no other nation ever did. What must we do then? We must complain. Yes, plain, blunt complain, ceaseless agitation, unfailing exposure of dishonesty and wrong- this is the ancient, unerring way to liberty, and we must follow it. †-Document F I disagree with his strategy for the period 1877-1915 for he only thought about a small number of the black race, the top ten percent. He was going to send them to Harvard and some how they were going to become the intelligence for the black race as a whole. This also appoints only specific figures as a mini government of the black race. Mainly in Booker T Washington’s proposal, it just seems as if he included the whole race as opposed to W. E. B’s proposal pertaining to only a small select few. By looking at the â€Å"School Enrollment Graph† in Document A, it seems as if the W. E. B strategy would have a better chance of working in a later time period. In the time period of 1877-1915, there really were not a lot of black Americans enrolled in school. The rate does rise; showing that after 1915 there would be a much better chance of any percent of Black Americans getting into college. I can also be seen in Document B-â€Å"Illiteracy by Race†, that Black people were becoming more and more literate, allowing them to thus go to college. It appears that in the ladder of the time period we are discussing, that there is a much larger opportunity for black Americans to go to college and progress while there, than there is a chance for them to go to go to college in the beginning of the time period being discussed. Another reason it seems the Booker T Washington’s way is more appropriate is because it worked. By looking at Document C- â€Å"Lynchings by Race†, the amounts of black lynchings were becoming more and scarcer. This is perceived by me in a number of ways. First off, black Americans were learning skills now by the way of Booker T, and were not only becoming smarter, but they were becoming more important to other persons. Their skills were needed by others which not only gave people a reason not to lynch them, but it also introduced many people to more black Americans, thus putting a personal perspective of actually knowing someone. A person would much rather lynch someone that they did not know personally, than someone that they get potatoes from. In Document G, Booker T is praised by T. Thomas Fortune, a black activist and newspaper editor who writes about BTW in the nationally circulated black periodical, â€Å"Christian Recorder. He is spoken of as a man whose value is impossible to estimate. His work involving Tuskegee College is hailed for having 400 students, great teachers, splendid farm equipments, stock-raising, fruit culture, laundry work, practical housekeeping, blacksmithing, wheelwrighting, carpentering, and more, all this while a normal school system is maintained. â€Å"No time is wasted on dead languages or superfluous studies of any kind. What is practical, what will best fit these young people for the work of life, and that is taught, and is aimed at. This shows that his approach was actually working and this is evidence enough for me to say that I believe by using my knowledge of the documents and my knowledge of the period 1877-1915, I was able to asses the appropriateness of each of the strategies in the historical context in which it was developed. W. E. B just might have been a little before his time with his views. Maybe later when the literacy rate would be higher and more black Americans were being accepted to college, his idea could have worked, but there would be many smart and skilled black Americans all from the concept given by Booker T Washington.

Organisational Design and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organisational Design and Culture - Essay Example On the basis of management structure and its complexity, Mintzberg has broadly categorised Organisational Design into the following five levels- Simple Organisation, Machine Bureaucracy, Professional Bureaucracy and Adhocracy. The internationally renowned author of business and management books, Mintzberg has also recognized the different classes of work patterns-Process or Occupation where all employees reported directly to a single executive; Purpose or Division where employees work in units and thus report to their respective unit heads and Matrix where both of the above mentioned kinds co-exist. Depending upon the requirements and managerial levels of an organisation, the appropriate kind of Organisational Design can be selected. Several healthcare institutions have adopted these Organisational Design patterns to affect an overhaul in the debilitated healthcare industry. In addition to the mounting healthcare costs, the industry is also troubled by its failure to meet the growing expectations and demands of the patients. In an era of rampant media growth, the patient is more informed about his medical rights and treatment options. This body of knowledge encourages him to stipulate enhanced and superior treatment. As McMurphy and Vujicic state "The patient-provider relationship is in flux. Consumers desire greater autonomy and participation in their healthcare decisions." ( 2000). But the global health industry has not been able to adapt to these changes completely. In an attempt to refurbish the redundant and obsolete hospital managerial procedures, the healthcare organisations formulated the "patient focussed care" approach. Whole healthcare community embraced this approach, which was aimed at providing superior services to patients and spruces the costs. Under this approach, certain new protocols were established and the various hospital procedures were simplified. Apart from resulting in a decline in the duration of stay of patients, this methodology has also resulted in higher patient satisfaction. Different medical institutes have adopted different routes to follow this approach. The Beth Israel Medical Centre, New York was the first institution to adopt this approach on the East Coast. This 934-bed urban institute decided to focus on Therapeutic Recreation and set up a "Planetree Unit". Every room in this luxurious unit was equipped with its own refrigerator, a television set, and an audio speaker near the patient's pillow- all in an attempt to fasten the process of healing. The hospital is still in the process of self-examination and thus the outcome of this methodology isn't clear as yet. The Medical Center, Pennsylvania decided to employ a more technical scheme. This 470- bed community, which employs 1900 professionals created eighth in-patient focussed care centers. A sincere attempt was made to make these centers fairly autonomous and independent. They had several pharmacies, labs and X-ray areas all to themselves. They also possessed independent housekeeping and patient admission services. These steps were undertaken to minimise

Summary and reflect two articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary and reflect two articles - Essay Example They also reveal the way the masking process on the way product is produced has implications on the organization and environment. Therefore, they recommend that organizations should address the ongoing social and environmental process under capitalism. Hudson and Hudson (2003) reveal the way fair trade attempts to make visible for both social and environmental relations of commodity production and exchange process. This is vital because it enables the producer to make a shift in the production nature; thus solving the issues of product impact to both producers and the environment. The main purpose of the authors was to examine the degree to which the fair trade is effective in addressing or solving the commodity fetishism problems. Thus, they wanted to address this issue through identifying the barriers, which fair trade encounters in an attempt to unmask production process of commodities. Plant, B. (January 01, 2005). Socially responsible investing: the maturing of financial analysis. Policy Options, 26, 6, 39-43 is the article, which focuses on the way being socially responsible, can contribute to successful economic performance of Canada. Plant argues that one can become wealthier, or an economy can achieve economic development through being socially responsible. She asserts that by looking beyond the investments bottom line should not necessarily mean forgetting the profits but rather helps to shade light on the financial issue (Plant, 2005). The author focuses on the way Canadian government has made significant efforts of establishing environmental, social and governmental responsibilities in order to improve the competitive nature and stability of the Canadian economy. Although others argue that being responsible can enable an individual to become rich, the research indicates that no one receives penalty for being socially responsible. However,

Compare the video in the youtube about the fieldwork for boy scouts Assignment

Compare the video in the youtube about the fieldwork for boy scouts and girl scouts - Assignment Example To avoid the heat of the sun, the comedy skit was performed at night. As a couple of Boy Scouts were doing the skit, the other group members were playing the role of the audiences. While the Boy Scout speaker was telling the story, another guy was purposely acting whatever was being spoken about the storyline. For example, every time the speaker had mentioned the phrase â€Å"falling rocks†, the other guy would intentionally fall down the mattress in a prone position. video is about a group of Boy Scouts engaged in a skit that requires a group of 11 Boy Scouts to sing and dance in front of the audiences. In this particular video, the Boy Scouts were singing the song â€Å"If I were not a Boy Scout, I’ll tell you what I would be†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (Mccullarsj1). Basically, each of the Boy Scout who were performing a skit had their own line to say. As the song progresses, the Boy Scouts grouped in pairs who had said what they would be if they were not a Boy Scout would all at the same time shout what they think they would be in life. The third video involves a group of eight (8) Girls Scouts who were doing a skit on â€Å"If I weren’t a counselor† (Robbert Bobbert). This particular skit was performed during day time at St. Albans. Throughout the skit, the Girl Scout performers were singing and dancing as they share to the audiences what they think they would be in case they were not a counselor. In this particular video, the Girl Scout audiences were very attentive to the group performers. Each Girl Scout performing the skit had their own line to say with regards to what they would like to be if they were not a cousellor. As the song progresses, the Girl Scouts who had said what they want to be if they were not a Counsellor would all at the same time shout what they think they would be in life. The fourth video is all about a three (3) Girl Scouts who were singing the

International Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Management - Assignment Example The market was one of rising costs, reduced prices, high competition, and low-cost models. The average selling prices were down by a whopping 35% and there was a clamor for cheaper models in emerging economies and developing markets. The basic phones were available for $ 50, with low end models being available for as low as $ 25 and even $ 10. Multinational set up operations and set new standards for wages, training and technology transfer. An environment of meritocracy was being created and which hard work, ethical behavior and a desire to learn were the watchwords. The fall of the iron curtain in Europe and the transition of State Societies, opened up new markets for Western Europe. Eastern Europe was expected to move towards 100% penetration levels in 2011, from the current 85%. The manufacturing process was being off shored to low cost countries, lately Eastern Europe. Labor costs much lower in Central European Countries than in other Western European Nations. Additionally, they also offered huge advantages in terms of high productivity and simple taxes. However, of late, wage costs were on the rise and labor force was beginning to shrink with people migrating to richer European nations like Britain and Germany. There are three levels of strategy – Corporate Strategy, Business Strategy and Functional Strategy. The corporate strategy deals with the vision and mission of an organization. The Mission of Nokia is â€Å"Connecting people†. Its strategic intention is to â€Å"Build great mobile products†. The word â€Å"Nokia† is named after the Nokia river in Southern Finland. Beginning as early as in 1865 and with a rich history of a century and half of innovation, Nokia transformed itself from a riverside paper mill in Southern Finland to a global telecommunications leader. A conglomerate of paper, rubber, cable and electrical companies, it was only in 1996 that Nokia turned its focus on the telecommunications business. This was an important strategic shift and by 1998, Nokia was the world leader in mobile industry. Its new strategy drive includes changes in leadership and manufacturing specialized products. Its recent strategic direction has taken multi-faceted dimensions : Broad strategic partnership with Microsoft Renew group to capture volumes and value growth Forward investments in next generation technologies Focus on specialized products. The business strategy talks about the strategies related to a specific business of an organization. More specifically, they deal with its products, markets and competitive advantages. Nokia had always prided itself on innovation, differentiation and in building great products through continuous investments in research and development. It does not shy away from investments as well as divestments and focuses on shareholder value by concentrating on core competencies. It always had the larger picture in mind and its decisions were based on global operations and internatio nal strategy and not country-focused. Adapting itself beautifully to global trends, Nokia increased its market presence in China, India, Germany, Indonesia and Russia. It slowly extricated itself form markets like Brazil, Spain and Italy. In 2008, Nokia was the

Outsourcing Functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outsourcing Functions - Essay Example Army takes active support of the capabilities of special operations forces, for the functioning of landlines of communication, and other civil programs. A whole range of missions is assigned by the National Command Authorities for the army to play its crucial role with the support from the core competencies. Thus, the core competencies relate to structuring the country’s security environment, quick action against natural or human created crisis, mobilizing the army to be a part of the action on war front, crossing the enemy physical borders by forcing entry, long term hold of foreign lands to resolve the conflicts, closing with and defeating of enemy forces through precision fires and maneuvers by using information technology to its advantage. These are the critical skills that an army must develop and nurture so that it is looked upon with great respect by the powers that matter . Other core capabilities of army include commanding and control of Joint and Multinational Forces that require inter-organization collaboration on united handling of capabilities to foster competency. Army manages and safeguards people, land and natural resources as well. It organizes sustained operations of essentials to the army that includes supply, engineer, finance, medical, and personnel units. Army supports the civil authorities in domestic and global urgencies as well. These are such functions, which the army should outsource to outside companies that have greater expertise to competently perform the related tasks. It will leave enough room for the army to pay attention to more demanding tasks for which it is formed . The Corps of Engineers is one such organization, which is a part of the army. It is in the same way facing hardships in managing

The Influence of War and Politics on British Music Scenario Research Paper

The Influence of War and Politics on British Music Scenario - Research Paper Example The bands like Iron Maiden, Pink Floyd and other popular contemporary Rock bands have drawn inspiration from the stories of bravery and heroism of the British Army, the infantry, the air force, the navy. The epic battle of the British Infantry (the light brigade) in the deadly cold Russian winter has been a source of inspiration and a literary basis for many compositions of British bands especially Iron Maiden. Similarly global political scenario and the historic speeches and decisions of Britain’s political leaders like Sir Winston Churchill have also been the literary backbone of compositions. These factors have influenced and given rise to a new sub-genre of existential rock music and influenced popular genres of music like NWOBHM, psychedelic rock, alternate rock etc to step out of the comfort zone of literary contexts and include burning issues, current affairs and write songs on the prevailing national circumstances etc. The report will be discussing the impact of the war scenario of the first half of the 20th century (mainly the first two world wars and the cold war) in the compositions of British Rock and Heavy Metal band Iron Maiden. Brief explanation of New Wave of British Heavy Metal, its origins, and development in the UK: The New Wave of British Heavy Metal was a heavy metal uprising that originated in the 1970’s and got global attention in the 1980’s with most number of compositions reaching the top in the international music ranking charts. It was spearheaded by bands like Saxon, Motor Head, Diamond Head, Iron Maiden etc. This genre came into being due to the gradual demise of popular and influential heavy metal bands like Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath etc. the lighter and casual elements of the genre of heavy metal were omitted and the sound was re-upholstered to give it a more tough appearance and gigantic stature in terms of heavy usage of guitars and the synthes is of keyboard, guitars and drums. Examination of significant compositions Two Minutes to midnight: The song two minutes to midnight written and performed by Iron Maiden in several international and country tours over the decades is influenced by the concept of the Doom’s Day. It was a song that has heavy influences of the prevailing Cold War during the eighties after the dismantling of the Axis Powers and peace treaty signed by leading allies in both opposing camps that caused the two greatest wars in the history of mankind. The song is based on the cold war and the bitterness in international relations looming large at the wake of a new future after the end of the world wars. It talks about the gradually advancing dooms day. The dooms day would be nothing but a nuclear holocaust due to nuclear capabilities of nuclear powers spiralling out of control. The song says, â€Å"The golden goose is on the loose† which hints at the lurking threat of a nuclear catastrophe due to an unannounced nuclear strike by either party. This was the major fear in the hearts

Social Network - Facebook Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Network - Facebook - Research Proposal Example It represents the realization of the concept known as citizen journalism which allows anybody to become a mass communicator. In doing this, there are a number of ethical issues on its implementation, more often than not people lie a lot about themselves and the posts they make on Facebook, which is a feature that is of great concern on the information that people consume on such social platforms. Furthermore, these platforms provide the perfect infrastructure for impersonation and other forms of social vices. Besides the numerous ethical concerns about the use of the social media, this platform has also enhanced the forms of cybercrimes. Cybercrime is also a new term in security, which infers to the use of the internet to commit crimes. Facebook provides a perfect platform for intensified interaction, which enables criminals to observe the activities of their victims. It further forms a perfect platform for blackmail and a means of extortion from the unsuspecting public. Impersonatio n is a trending feature on Facebook, one in which people run fake accounts for public figures such as politicians and other celebrities. Some of such users are unscrupulous enough to extort money from their users in the disguise for favors associated with the real names of celebrities. The ability to maintain a high level of anonymity allows these users the privilege of staying unidentified. The internet introduced a number of online payment mechanisms which therefore make possible the cyber crimes and the numerous extortion schemes. The research further investigates the forms of cybercrime on this social platform and the possible targets of such criminal acts. The literature review is a mandatory segment in researches. In this part, the researcher analyzes preexisting knowledge on the topic. Facebook and social network are two new terminologies following the advent of the internet. The growth of social media has been significant over the years (Aggarwal, 2011). However, the two hav e attracted a substantial attention from researchers resulting in adequate literature addressing their usage and the ethical concerns they present. Cyber crimes have been in existence since the 1980s following the invention of the internet. This implies that the topic has adequate literature material describing its uniqueness and the mode of societal infiltration. An effective analysis of the literature develops a background on which the research runs (Goddard & Melville, 2001). This research seeks to analyse the ethical concerns that arise on the use of this global social platform. Vices such as cybersex are common (Stenzel and Melissa, 2011). In doing this, the research uses a unique structure of data collection and analysis. Facebook, just as any other social network, is availed on any internet network. This implies that it enjoys the features of the internet such as unlimited access, interactivity, and multimodality among others. With the employment of these features, it becomes very convenient carrying out the research. The research employs a unique data collection strategy referred to as content analysis. This is used in conjunction with the other traditional data collection strategies such as the use of interviews, observations, and using questionnaires. Content analysis is a data collection method in which the researcher simply analyses the Facebook accounts and profiles of friends and other available users (Goddard & Melville, 2001). Facebook allows anybody to view any page provided the owners make the pages public. This thus gives the research methodology the convenience of conducting the research from the confines of one’

Looking at history "from below" Essay

Looking at history "from below" - Essay Example While Europeans may argue that religion was the main objective of their visit for America, it is clear that they exercised oppression and denied the natives of their rights, which can be better described. However, historians have ignored this fact and termed their invasion to America as a mere discovery. From this perspective, it is clear that history has been a subject of bias, influenced by the personal ideas of its authors. Dussell, an Argentine-Mexican liberator philosopher, is among authors who have focused on the subjective nature of history and its implication as far as constructing historical events is concerned. Dussell (126) opens by representing the two sides of the same coin as far as historical opinions are concerned. He argues that history can be analyzed from the top or from below, while considering the position of the writer. Analyzing the analyzing the history of Europeans entry in America from above implies analyzing the opinions presented by the European history. From the perspective of Europeans, their entry into America was either an invention of a country or even its discovery. Invention implies the creation of a country that never existed, while discovery implies the finding of a country that had not been known to exist. On the other hand, approaching history from below, Americans perceive European visitation as uncalled for and the worst form of invasion. From this point of view, h istory suffers subjectivity and the impression that it stands for depends on whether it is analyzed from a â€Å"top† or â€Å"below† approach. Evidently, criticism of history is an issue that has prevailed for many years as scholars identify the voice of the writers within historical recordings. Twain is among author who found fault in historical recordings and expressed the weakness that history has suffered for many years. Twain stated that â€Å"the very ink with which all history is written is merely fluid

Proving King Lear Is a Tragedy Essay Example for Free

Proving King Lear Is a Tragedy Essay A drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances. A flaw in the character of the protagonist of a tragedy that brings the protagonist to ruin or sorrow. a great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy who is destined for downfall, suffering, or defeat: King Lear is a perfect example of a tragedy. In a typical tragedy, the main character, or tragic hero, is brought to suffer some extreme sorrow, because of a tragic flaw he possesses. King Lear, the tragic hero, carries the tragic flaw of vanity, which causes his downfall. His demise begins with him believing his two insincere older daughters, Goneril and Regan, tell him that they love him more than anything, and casts out his youngest daughter, Cordelia, who truthfully tells him, â€Å"I love your majesty according to my bond; nor more nor less† (Shakespeare 4). Lear is too arrogant to see that Cordelia is the daughter that truly loves him and throws out anyone close enough to tell him his mistake. As the plot progresses, Lear realizes Goneril and Regan have betrayed him and Cordelia did truly love him, but still refuses to return to Cordelia begging for forgiveness. At this point, Lear is mad, but Cordelia wants to nurse him back to health. Cordelia dies and later Lear dies of grief all because of his vanity.

Improving the Accuracy of Arabic DC System

Improving the Accuracy of Arabic DC System The main goal of this research is to investigate and to develop the appropriate text collections, tools and procedures for Arabic document classification. The following specific objectives have been set to achieve the main goal: To investigate the impact of preprocessing tasks including normalization, stop word removal, and stemming in improving the accuracy of Arabic DC system. To introduce a novel technique for Arabic stemming in order to improve the accuracy of the document classification system. The new algorithm for Arabic stemming tries to overcome the deficiencies in state-of-the-art Arabic stemming techniques and dealing with MWEs, foreign Arabized words and handling the majority of broken plural forms to reduce them into their singular form. To use Arabic text summarization technique as feature reduction technique to eliminate the noise on the documents and select the most salient sentences to represent the original documents. To explore the impact of different feature selection techniques on the accuracy of Arabic document classification and proposes and implements a new variant of Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (TFIDF) weighting methods that take into account the important of the first appearance of a word and the compactness of the word which can be taken as factors that determine the important features in the document. To implement various classifiers and compares their performances. 1.1.Problem Statement Despite the achievements in document classification, the performance of document classification systems is far from satisfactory. document classification tasks are characterized by natural languages. This means DC is closely related to natural language processing (NLP) which require knowledge of its subject matter. In general NL reveals many of syntactic and semantic ambiguities beside the complexities [45]. In the context of DC, a researcher tries to address various problems arising from characteristics of documents in the process of feature extraction and feature representation; or problems emanating from the classification algorithms. The following sections provide ideas on research problems. 1.1.1. Preprocessing Text Problem The preprocessing stage is a challenge and affects positively or negatively on the performance of any DC system. Therefore, the improvement of the preprocessing stage for highly inflected language such as the Arabic language will enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the Arabic DC system. In spite of the lack of standard Arabic morphological analysis tools most of the previous studies on Arabic DC have proposed the use of preprocessing tasks to reduce the dimensionality of feature vectors without comprehensively examining their contribution in promoting the effectiveness of the DC system. One of the challenges facing the researchers in Arabic document classification systems is the absence of a strong and an effective stemming algorithm. Arabic is morphologically a complex language [46], it uses both kinds of morphologies: inflectional and derivational morphologies. Based on these types of morphology, a single word may yield hundreds or even thousands of variant forms [47]. The impor tance of using the stemming technique in the documents classification lies in that it makes the processes less dependent on particular forms of words and reduces the highly dimensionality of the feature space, which, in turn, enhance the performance of the classification system.   In spite of the rapid research conducted in other languages, Arabic language still suffers from the shortages of researchers and development.   The state-of-the-art Arabic stemmers suffer from high stemming error-rates due to its understemming errors, overstemming errors, ignored the handling of multiword expressions (MWEs), broken plural forms, and Arabized words. Therefore, the limitations of the current Arabic stemming methods have motivated this author to investigate a novel technique for Arabic stemming to be used in the extraction of the word roots of Arabic language in order to improve the accuracy of the document classification system in chapter 5. 1.1.2. Highly Dimensionality of the Feature Space Extremely high dimensional features paces and large volumes of data problems occur in automatic document classification. High dimensionality problems arise because the number of features used in the classification process increases along with dimensionality of the feature vectors[13, 15, 48, 49]. Practical examples show that the number of features consisting the dimensionality could amount to thousands. A large number of features are irrelevant to the classification task and can be removed without affecting the classification accuracy for several reasons: First, the performance of some classification algorithms is negatively affected when dealing with a high dimensionality of features. Second, an over-fitting problem may occur when the classification algorithm is trained in all features. Finally, some features are common and occur in all or most of the categories [50]. In order to solve this problem, the feature vector dimensionality is required to be reduced without degradation of classification performance. It was important to extract the features with high discriminating power using various techniques.   Text summarization, feature selection and feature weighting are common techniques and methods that are used in document classification to reduce the highly dimensionality of the feature space and to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the classification system. The term frequency (TF) weighted by inverse document frequency (IDF) which is abbreviated as TFIDF can partially solve the problem of variation in content and length in the documents but it cannot solve the problem of the distribution of the important words within the document. In general, the document is written in an organized manner to describe its main topic(s). For example, the main topic for news articles may mentions at the title and the first part of the document to draw the attention of the reader. Therefore, depending on the location, the document parts may have different degrees of contribution to the documents main topic(s) [51]. In this thesis, we propose new feature weighting methods that treat the problem of the distribution of the important words within the document in chapter 6. In order to satisfy the objectives stated in this research, the research questions of this study can be summarized as: What are the impact of text preprocessing techniques such as normalization, stop word removal, and stemming in improving the performance of Arabic DC system? What are the available Arabic text preprocessing methods to be implemented in this research? What are their advantages and disadvantages? How to compare and improve their performance in order to improve the accuracy of the Arabic documents classification system? What are the Impact of feature reduction techniques on Arabic document classification? How to overcome the problem of the highly dimensionality of the feature space and the difficulty of selecting the important features for understanding the document? Which classification algorithms have the best performance when applied on different representations of Arabic dataset? 1.2.Research Contribution This research focuses on exploring different preprocessing techniques, dimensionality reduction techniques and investigating their effect on Arabic document classification performance. More specifically, the main contributions of this thesis are as follows: Demonstrate that using preprocessing task such as normalization, stop word removal, and stemming for Arabic datasets have a significant impact on the classification accuracy, especially with complicated morphological structure of the Arabic language. Furthermore, we demonstrate that choosing appropriate combinations of preprocessing tasks provides significant improvement on the accuracy of document classification depending on the feature size and classification techniques. In this thesis, we propose a novel stemmer for Arabic documents classification. The proposed stemmer attempts to overcome the weaknesses of root-based stemming technique and light stemming technique, in addition to dealing with the majority of broken plural forms, MWEs, and foreign Arabized words. We compare the proposed stemmer with the well-known Arabic stemmers, including root-base stemming (Khoja stemmer) and light stemming (Larkey stemmer), to study its contribution in improving the classification system. The comparison is carried out for different datasets, classification techniques, and performance measures. Demonstrate that using document summarization technique help to improve the efficiency of Arabic document classification by reducing the highly dimensionality of the feature space without affecting the value or content of documents, then saving the memory space and execution time for documents classification process. In this thesis, we investigate the impact of different feature selection techniques, namely, Information gain (IG), Goh and Low (NGL) coefficients, Chi-square Testing (CHI), and Galavotti-Sebastiani-Simi Coefficient (GSS) that have a significant impact on reducing the dimensionality of feature space and thus improve the performance of Arabic document classification system. In this thesis, we investigate the impact of feature representation schemas on the accuracy of Arabic document classification. The document usually consists of several parts and the important features that more closely associated with the topic of the document are appearing in the first parts or repeated in several parts of the document. Therefore, the proposed weighting methods take into account the important of the first appearance of a word and the compactness of the word which can be taken as factors that determine the important features in the document. Unfortunately, there is no free benchmarking dataset for Arabic documents classification. One of the aims of this research is to compile dataset for Arabic documents classification that cover different text genres which will be used in this research and can be used in the future as a benchmark for computation linguistics researches including text mining, information retrieval. The dataset collected from several published papers for Arabic document classification and from scanning the well-known and reputable Arabic websites. Compiling freely and publically available corpora is advancement step on the field of Arabic document classification.

The 21st Century School Librarian Essay -- Education

The 21st Century school librarian is no longer just the caretaker of the book collection. Technology is transforming the education system and the way children are taught. This paper discusses the many roles and issues that the teacher-librarian plays in creating a flexible 21st Century learning environment. 21ST Century School Library Media Specialist The roles discussed in the articles written by school librarians Mashriqi (2011), Ballard (2008), and Marcoux (2010) were similar in strategies needed for running an effective media center today. The common theme was the importance in being able to evaluate what will help the school meet the needs of todays learners and to connect the curriculum with â€Å"hands-on† learning experiences. By demonstrating knowledge and current technological skills the media specialist connects the library with teachers, students, administration and parents with information and resources to promote literacy. Technology integration is accomplished by using resources that reflect content standards. To focus on the relationship between education technology and student learning engaging games is one way to achieve the goals with positive results. Digital Tools Todays’ school library media specialist applies trends related to the use of technology in education to support integration throughout the curriculum. Being literate in the 21st Century involves teaching both â€Å"traditional† literacy and how to read and produce the kinds of texts typical of the emerging information and multimedia age. Benthem (2010) points out that to have an effective school library program it needs to be an ongoing work in progress. Literacy development does impact student learning through the use of digital technologies, includ... ...upport emergent literacy skill development for young children at-risk or who have disabilities. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(3), 233-239. Peterson, J. (2011). Finding focus: Using digital cameras in library programming. Children & Libraries: The Journal of the Association for Library Service to Children, 9(3), 48-51. Poinier, S., & Alevy, J. (2010). Our instruction does matter! Data collected from students' works cited speaks volumes. Teacher Librarian, 37(3), 38-39. Sugar, W., & Holloman, H. (2009). Technology leaders wanted: Acknowledging the leadership role of a technology coordinator. TechTrends: Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning, 53(6), 66-75. Zabel, D., & Hickey, D. (2011). The reuse evangelist: Taking ownership of copyright questions at your library. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 51(1), 9-11.

Giving Back To My Community :: Contribution to My Community

My plan after college is to become a Sociologist or a Social Worker. With a college degree in one of these areas, I hope to impact my community in various ways. First, with the knowledge obtained from college, I hope to counsel with young people who are on the verge of going astray. In today's society, there are so many negative factors that influence young people. I want to help them understand the importance of setting goals and striving to become productive citizens. I also want to give them a sense of hope that with perseverance, they can become great role models for other young people. Secondly, I have been a community volunteer worker for several years. Being a community volunteer has helped me to understand that by obtaining a college degree, I can help impact the lives of many homeless individuals. Recently, as a volunteer of United Methodist Metro Ministries, many of the homeless individuals were amazed that I am almost finished with high school and plan to go to college. One man that I had the opportunity of meeting saddened me because he could not even write his own name. I thought about how his life is forever impaired by his inability to read and write. Perhaps that is one reason he is economically poor. My relationships to persons such as this man have inspired me to want to continue my formal education so that I can help people who have somehow seemed to have lost their way. Also, a college degree as a Sociologist or a Social Worker will require me to become engaged in the lives of people, many who are socially, mentally and economically disadvantaged.

The Clouds by Aristophanes Essay examples -- Classical Greek Literatur

"The Clouds" by Aristophanes - Relevant in Today's World "The Clouds" by Aristophanes, is a play centrally concerned with education. Aristophanes employs satire to illustrate his conservative beliefs. It is intended to show readers that in the tendency to philosophical subtleties lies the neglection of the real needs of the Athenians. According to Aristophanes, philosophical speculation only acts to shake the established foundations of accepted religion, gods, and ideals of morality. Specifically, as it was even discused in "The Apology," Aristophanes believed that philosophical attitudes held by the Sophists enabled those who held them to convince others of wrong or weaker beliefs simply by sounding as if they knew what they were talking about -- when in reality they didn't. It seems as if Aristophanes would approve of an education based souly around the reading of clasiscal literature and some physical excersize. I believe the fact that Athenian youth were starting to ask questions of the elders in the city really bothered Aristophanes. I think he really thought it to be dangerous and detrimental to society; as can be seen through the line Strepsiades yells towards the end, "revenge for the injured gods (II.i.1506)." I believe Aristophanes to be part of the group that accused Socrates of not accepting the recognized gods of state, which many believed to be a part of the corruption of Athenian youth. While I don't agree with that accusation -- primarily because of Socrates recognition of Apollo through the Oracle at Delphi -- I can see some Aristophanes' points of contention with what he thought the Sophists and other philsophers stood for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Clouds, who form the chorus in Aristophanes' play, are a physical representation of the "philosophical speculation" that Aristophanes speaks of. According to Aristophanes, these speculations do not come from a grounded sense of experience, but rather float about without definite framework and actualization, simply in the realm of possibility. I found it interesting that Aristophanes chose to illustrate this metaphor between the clouds and the Sophists' beliefs into a literal representation. He furthered this illustration by choosing to bring Socrates on his first appearance floating in on a basket down to the stage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another aspect I find interesting in Aristoph... ...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Essentially, I think that "The Clouds," can be a piece of classical Greek literature applicable to our own modern world. If we do not take the time to examine practices and beliefs, they have the potential to lose the weight and value that they were once based or formed on. While Aristophanes aimed at entertaining his audience through comedic satire, he also had a very serious warning -- that ended up holding true -- for the people of Athens. A nation too proud and too sure in it's own beliefs and politics, has proven through history, never to work. Sadly, while I believe the United States is a great nation with moral goals and hopes, I believe we exemplify some of the problems that the Athenian state suffered from, and eventually died from. We often times refuse to examine our beliefs. We automatically view them as "the best," or "the most moral." This can be seen in our current struggle. If we constantly leave our borders to try and convince others around the world that American knows best, we're doomed for failure. As exemplified in "The Clouds," we then become the ones throwing stones at people we don't agree with -- a fate almost worse than death.

The dictionary definition

The dictionary definition of a linguistic communication is stated as a system of communicating consisting of sounds, words and grammar, or the system of communicating used by the people of a peculiar state or profession in Cambridge Advanced Learner ‘s Dictionary ( 2nd edition, 2005 ) . And that means, larning a linguistic communication to pass on decently in that linguistic communication requires get the hanging all parts of a linguistic communication system such the vocabulary, the grammar and the sound system. Harmonizing to Dawani ( 2006 ) in order to pass on in a linguistic communication one should analyze a balance of four basic linguistic communication accomplishments which are reading, listening, composing, and speech production. That ‘s why instruction and rating of these accomplishments have ever been peculiarly of import. In this paper, the rating of one of the four basic linguistic communication accomplishments, viz. â€Å" Reading Skill † will be discussed in item. However it is indispensable to put some basic facts about â€Å" reading † before get downing to discourse its rating. Reading in a different linguistic communication has traditionally stemmed from the demand of accessing the written literature of a higher civilization. Subsequently with the visual aspect of communicative attack, alternatively of high civilization literature, reading texts started to be chosen harmonizing to the reading purposes like utilizing mundane stuffs such as newspaper articles, coach agendas, etc. , for intents to develop communicative competency. As a consequence, instruction of reading and reading drills at any degrees became a cardinal portion of linguistic communication instruction. As a definition, reading accomplishment is called an expertness which turns composing into significance and enables the eloquence and comprehension of the proprietor. Agring that, Rasinski ( 2004 ) provinces, accurate and automatic decryption of the words by giving expressive readings of it to accomplish maximal comprehension means reading eloquence. Consequently, reading does non simply average accurate decryption of the words like instructors thought for old ages. And that ‘s why the appraisal of reading should affect the ability of eloquence and comprehension, for certain. From another point of position, harmonizing to Stages of Reading Development of Chall ‘s ( 1983 ) Reading is a accomplishment which develops through some phases and a uninterrupted procedure. Agring that, Beers ( 2006 ) adds that in instance of a skip in a reading development phase, pupils will fight in their reading ability and finally this will besides impact their authorship accomplishments. That ‘s why instructors should be entirely attentive to pupils ‘ comprehension of each phase of reading procedure before go oning with the following degree. Harmonizing to Carnine & A ; Silbert ( 2004 ) , â€Å" Appraisals supply the information that will enable pedagogues to supply kids with direction that starts where they are and so construct on that base to assist kids progress to the higher levels. † ( p. 13-15 ) As it is evident from all these research workers ‘ statements, the rating of reading is a important portion of learning a linguistic communication. Although most of the researches of that field unite in the importance of rating, they differ in the sentiments for the rating mediums. No affair how much a peculiar rating type is praised by pedagogues, in world all of them has some advantages and disadvantages and usage of these rating types is merely a affair of penchant. Hughes ( 2007 ) states that, all appraisals are fundamentally designed to develop the acquisition of pupils. As it is stated in Hughes ( 2007 ) , appraisal is the procedure of:Gathering information from a assortment of beginningsSupplying pupils with descriptive feedback for future developmentMiscue AnalysisIn this type of appraisal, the mistakes a kid makes during the reading procedure are diagnosed. Using this method, a instructor can be more easy cognizant of the pupils ‘ comprehension by looking at the errors he/she makes.The 6 Types of MiscuesCorrection: A child self-corrects his/her mistake and re-reads the section/word without motivating. Interpolation: A kid adds a few words which are non on the page. Omission: A kid omits a word while reading. Repeat: A kid repeats a word or part of the text. Reversal: A kid will change by reversal the order of the text or the word. Substitution: A kid inserts a different word, alternatively of reading a specific word. Some regulations about utilizing miscue analysis:Use unfamiliar text, non something the kid knows from memory.Do non utilize miscue analysis on novice readersGive the pupil some pick in the reading choice.You will necessitate a quiet topographic point without breaks, it can be really ready to hand to enter the kid which provides you with an chance to listen to the transition more than one time.Photocopy the choice the pupil will read, utilize this to enter the miscues.Record each miscue. ( Use hypens for skipped words, record each permutation ( Internet Explorer, went for when ) , use ^ for interpolation and record the word ( s ) , circle omitted words, underline repeated words, you may besides desire to utilize // for repeated words.What do the miscues tell you?Correction:This is good! We want readers to self-correct. However is the reader reading excessively fast? Is the reader mis-correcting accurate reading? If so, the reader frequently does n't see himself as a ‘good †˜ reader.InterpolationDoes the inserted word detract from intending? If non, it may merely intend the reader is doing sense but besides inserts. The reader may besides be reading excessively fast. If the interpolation is something like utilizing finished for coating, this should be addressed.Omission:When words are omitted, it may intend weaker ocular trailing. Determine if the significance of the transition is affected or non. If non, skips can besides be the consequence of non concentrating or reading excessively fast. It may besides intend the sight vocabulary is weaker.RepeatTonss of repeat may intend that the text degree is excessively hard. Sometimes readers repeat when they ‘re unsure and will reiterate the word ( s ) to do sense of the transition.Reversal:Watch for altered significance. Many reversals happen with immature readers with high frequence words – of for for etc.Substitutions:Sometimes a kid will utilize a permutation because they do n't understand th e word being read. Does the permutation make sense in the transition, is it a logical permutation?In SummaryUsing miscue analysis is an of import diagnostic tool that should be done every 6-8 hebdomads to see how the reader is bettering in the schemes used. Making sense of the miscues will assist you with following stairss to better the kid ‘s reading. It is worthwhile to hold a few inquiries prepared that Lashkar-e-Taiba you know about the kid ‘s comprehension of the transition read as miscue analysis tends to trust on reding you of the schemes used. Miscue analysis may look clip devouring ab initio, nevertheless, the more you do, the easier the procedure gets.

Is It Important to Question the Ideas and Decisions of People in Positions of Authority? Essay

Is it important to question the ideas and decisions of people in positions of authority? I believe it is. While rules are meant to be followed, there should always be a reason behind that rule. There are instances where the rule is deemed by society as â€Å"unfair† or â€Å"bias.† There are other instances where the rules can be detrimental to the people following them. Let’s take a trip back to the 60’s. Remember Rosa Parks? She was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. Remember Ruby Bridges? She, a black child, was tormented because she attened an Elementary school for white students only. Now these may seem like trivial things, but if these two, along with many other Civil Rights Activists never challenged authority, segregation in the United States may have continued up to this day. When thinking about rules that can be detrimental to society, I can’t help but remember two books that represent this idea perfectly: Battle Royale, and The Hunger Games. In both books, The government forces civilians to fight to the death in an arena, and only one contestant may live. In both books, more than one contestant broke the rules and survived the game. Had they followed the rules and â€Å"played the game†, one can only imagine the physical and mental injuries they would have endured. Disobeying authority and rebelling actually saved their lives, along with many other potentially endangered lives as well. I do believe that rules are meant to be followed, but I also believe that there should always be a reason behind them. I always question authority if I think that its decisions and intentions aren’t beneficial to me – whether those decisions or intentions are trivial or extreme.

Personal Wellness Planning Essay

Copy and paste the questions into a word processing program. Answer all questions completely and then submit them to your instructor. Warm-Up (Questions to help you prepare to write your goals) 1. Describe your current level of physical activity. How often do you participate in moderate to high intensity activity in an average week? Moderate, I participate in About 3 or more times a week of physical activity 2. Discuss at least three physical activities you enjoy participating in or wish to participate in. I am on Soccer team for orlando city soccer I practice twice a week and have games once a week I do Horses ridding once a week for about a 1 and half Swimming I have a pool in my yard so I swim a lot and enjoy it Goals 3. Create at least one goal for each of the following wellness categories. Personalize each of your goals for the time enrolled in the course. Be sure that each goal is measureable, attainable, and has a specific deadline. Also, be sure each goal is written in complete sentences. Physical Wellness Goal: My physical wellness goal to run at least a mile every day to stay in shape. Emotional Wellness Goal: My emotional wellness goal is to attend yoga classes once a week.to reduce stress and be relaxed. Social Wellness Goal: My social wellness goal is to join a club at school before the end of the year . Academic Wellness Goal: my Academic Wellness goal is to study for every test and quiz day before   Cool Down (Reflection questions based on the goals you’ve written) 4. What do you think will be the most challenging goal for you, and why? My Academic wellness Goal will be the most challenging goal for me its hard for  me to reamber to study days before a test at least every single day till I take it. 5. Describe any challenges or hesitations you have about your goals or the activity requirements for this course. The challenges or hesitations I have about the goals and activitys for this course is having to work our all the time and record your work outs. 6. Explain how fitness testing and test results can affect your overall fitness. Test results and fitness testing can affect your overall fitness by showing you want you need to improve on and what you do better at. 7. No matter your living situation, it is up to you to make daily decisions that affect your well-being. What is your role and responsibility for maintaining and improving your health? My role and responsibility for maintaining and improving my health is maintaining a healthy body weigh, eating heathy and working out.

Bio Ecological Model of Human Development Essay

The bio ecological model of human development has four basic systems. The four basic systems are macrosystems, exosystems, microsystems, and mesosystems. I will summarize the four systems and how the influences have on a child’s development. I will describe how the four systems in the model differ from oneother. I will provide examples of the four systems of their relationships and interactions with one another. A microsystem: a relationship and activity that experienced by a developed person in immediate environments like family, school, peer group, community and media. Family provides affection, nurturance, and opportunities. School is a formal learning environment. Peer groups help with experiences in independences, companionship, support, cooperation, and a role to take. Community helps children learn how to do by watching people work. Media helps provided the view of the world. Mesosystem: an interrelationship and linkage between two or more person in a microsystem that compromise of connections between immediate environments likes a child’s home and school. The impact on a child depends on the number of interrelationships. Exosystem: a setting that children do not participate, but it does affect one of their microsystems. Read more:Â  Factors that influence child develop Also, their external environmental setting indirectly affects the development like a parent’s workplace. An example: a low-income family would have to get food stamps, Medicaid, and or TANF. My family is part of this system because my family gets food stamps and Medicaid. We had to fight for the help though. Macrosystem: a society and subculture that belongs to a developing person with certain beliefs, lifestyles, interactions, and changes in their live that consist of a larger cultural context of national economy, political culture, and subculture. Examples of macrosystems are family planning services and affordability of contraceptives which can influence teen pregnancy and birth rates. Young women are taking to the Planned Parenthood in their area to get birth control pills to prevent teenage pregnancy. According to Hall; there are two classifications of macrosystems; low and high context. Low-context macrosystem concise of progress, practicality, competition, and rationality. Examples: communication and relationships of social and natural environment. High-context macrosystem are concise of group identity, tradition, intuitiveness, and emotionality. Example of high-context macrosystem is adaptively. The ecological model’s most basic unit of analysis in the microsystem is the immediate settings, including role relationships and activities. Microsystem mostly of the family, but as they grow and are exposed to day care, preschool classes, and neighborhood playmates, the system becomes more complex. Microsystems are dynamic contexts for development because of the bi-directional influences individuals impart on each other. Many micro-level determinants of health affecting early child development investigated and proposed. Factors like nutrition, shelter, hygiene, stimulation, support, attachment, and parenting style, investigated and correlated with later outcomes. The relative quality and/or quantity can have either positive or negative effects on health. On a practical level, the amount of parent involvement in the child’s education related to children’s educational achievement (Canadian Council on Social Development, 1997), and the specific language and cultural practices of the family, such as the amount of time spent reading together (Bus, van IJzendoorn, & Pellegrini, 1995) can have effects on the development of individual capacities. Similarly, family arrangement, constitution, and the amount of contact with extended family can affect child development through the kinds of interactive opportunities these arrangements provide (Hernandez, 1997). There are also two of the most important factors of children’s social functioning are parents’ psychiatric health and marital status. These two factors explain much of the variability in children’s social and emotional competence (Goodman, Brogan, Lynch, & Fielding, 1993; Kershner & Cohen, 1992; Kochanska & Kuczynski, 1991; Miller, Cowan, Cowan, Hetherington, & Clingempeel, 1993). The risk factors associated with behavioral and emotional disorders in children linked to parental variables such as single parenthood, marital separation, young motherhood, poor family relations, and maternal mental health symptoms (Sameroff & Fiese, 2000; Williams, Anderson, McGee, & Silva, 1990). The presence of one or more of these risk factors compounds the risk for poor social functioning of children. The mesosystem: the second of Bronfenbrenner’s environmental layers, and refers to the interrelationships among different microsystem levels, such as home, school, and peer group settings. For instance, what happens at home influences at school and in turn what are in the school environment will likely influence family interactions? Specifically, parents’ involvement within the school in conjunction with teachers’ involvement with families represent mesosystem functioning. In addition, the community expected to affect distal family processes, and a family’s ability to provide the necessary support for their child. He will also focus on factors such as physical safety, problems in the neighborhood, and neighbors and examine their links to children’s prosaically skills. The third environmental layer of the model in the exosystem consists of the contexts that children cannot a part of but does influence their development. For example, decisions by the school boards and parents’ workplaces do not include the child but may influence and impact the child’s development. A school board sets the educational policies that can relevant to the child reflective of exosystem influences. The school board would adopt a policy that states that children with disabilities go into special classes. This may affect that child’s academic and social progress. The policies do set by parents’ employers’ maybe impact a child’s development. Where parent’s leaves may not allow flexible work hours may not an option. Parents’ availability to their child can influence a child’s development (Fagan & Wise, 2001; Thomas & Grimes, 1995). The outer layer of the ecological model in the macrosystem layers composed of the cultural source that influences most of the child’s immediate experience but impacts the child through attitudes, practices, and convictions shared in society. The most distant or macro-level wealth of the nation or region and how the wealth distributed among the people. The variables can be more distant because there effects are more outrages. The individual and population level of the environmental predictor of health and developmental outcomes because some of the measure of relative affluences socio-economic status. According to the National Forum on Health: Determinants of Health Working Group Synthesis report (1997), child poverty, unemployment, youth underemployment, involuntary retirement, labor force restructuring, cuts in social programs, decreases in real income, income inequities, the disintegration of communities as we once knew them, single parenthood, and the ever-increasing pressures of work on families and all factors that determine population health. The more equitable a society, the more widely shared feelings of self-esteem and control, the more empowered its members, and the better overall health status. Conclusion, we have yet to confront the reality that the growing chaos in the lives of our children, youth, and families today simultaneously pervades too many of the principal settings in which we live our daily lives in the family, health care systems, child care arrangements, peer groups, schools, neighborhoods, the workplace, and means of transportation and communication between them.

Financial Ratios and Stock Return Predictability

The results indicate that DY and EY ratios has direct positive association with stock return where as B/M ratio has significant negative relationship with stock return. Therefore we can say that the above mentioned ratios are able to predict stock returns, furthermore it can be seen that as compare to dividend yield and earning yield the ratio of book to market has the highest predictive power. Moreover when we combine these financial ratios the predictability of stock returns will enhance. Keywords: Financial ratios, Stock return, Karachi Stock Exchange, Dividend Yield, Earning Yield. 1.Introduction Stock Market plays a very significant role in the economic growth of a country. According to A. Schrimpf (2010) there is significant economic aftermath of the existence of stock return predictability. S. Kheradyar et al, (2011), â€Å"The Analytics of Economic Time Series†, states that in stocks market share prices move randomly i. e. on certain day share prices are like to go dow n as they were like to up. Such random behavior worried some of the financial economists and followed by further research. Hence such random movement of share prices lead to a hypothesis called Random Walk Hypothesis.Random walk hypothesis suggest that it is difficult to predict share prices because stock prices evolved, now it will be showing upward trend but after some time such might be showing downward trend. Hence predicting 100% accuracy of stock return is almost impossible. In contrast to Random Walk Behavior is efficient market hypothesis. According to efficient market hypothesis share prices are fairly priced in the stock market or prices of stock demonstrates information in the market is widely and equally available to all and no one in the market can outperform or can beat the market.With the passage of time researchers tries to find out most accurate variables for predicting stock prices, some were tend towards financial and some were towards profitability ratios i. e. b ook to market ratio, price to earnings ratio, 1 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 10, 2012 www. iiste. org dividend yield, etc some were tend towards cash flow ratios like price to cash flow ratio, cash burn ratio, etc and some focused on macroeconomic variable like interest rate, law and order situation and inflation rate etc.In this research article we have investigated 3 above mentioned ratios to determine whether they predict stock returns. This research study has used the stock return and the above mentioned financial ratios association at two samples as the foundation for the formulation of Eight hypotheses. On the grounds of their appropriate regression models the eight hypotheses are divided into two sets. In this study we have used the two models of simple and multiple regressions to apply Predictive regression; it is an important tool for predicting stock returns. A set of panal data is used for the formulat ion of these two models.For tackling the problem of heteroskedasticity and non-normality distributed residuals, we applied generalized least squares method. 2. Literature Review Campbell and Shiller (1988) stated in their study that as dividend yield has the ability to confine expected return and expectation about growth in dividend yield so dividend yield is good predictor of stock return. Chan, L. Hamao, Y. Yakonishok, J. (1991), found that in Japanese market fundamental variables like dividend yield, price to earnings ratio, book to market ratio and firm’s size have significant impact on expected earning/returns of stocks.They notify that there is indirect relationship between earning yield and stocks returns in Japan. In comparison of the size of the firm and earning yield, B/M and dividend yield (cash flow yield) are significantly related with returns of stocks. They further added that an important variable both economically and statistically is book to market ratio and this need to be observe because either the afterward half of the sample is judged or for the first time test is applied the book to market ratio shows it continuation. Mukerji, S. Dhatt, M. Kim, Y. 1997), on Korean Stock market for a period of 1982-1992 establish a direct relationship between return of stocks and D/E, S/P and B/M, moreover an indirect relationship between size of firm and return of stocks. They demonstrated that P/E ratio is less trustworthy indicator than B/M and S/P. Beta is a week proxy for assessment of risk when compare with debt to equity ratio. B/M and S/P are responsible for the direct relationship between return of stocks and debt to equity. However a P/E and B/M ratio becomes the base for indirect relationship between return of stocks and size of the firm.Kothari and Shanken (1997) found for US market that dividend yield and book to market ratios have dependable proof for expected real return over a period 1926-1991, and there lies a track of time series v ariations. Pontiff and Schall (1998) stated that as for predicting power is concerned book to market ratio has some predictability power for predicting stock returns. Lewellen (2002) conducted his study in US he found that predictability power of dividend yield for predicting stock returns is more than P/E and B/M ratios.Ang, A. , and Bekaert, G. , (2006), in their studies tried to forecast interest rate and stock returns with the help of predictive power of dividend yield. They found for short term forecasting, dividend yield predictive power is more than the long term forecasting. But as for the expected growth of cash flow prediction is concerned than dividend yield is a good predictive variable. Akyol, A. (2006), â€Å"analyzed the effect of firm’s size, beta, and book-to-market value on the stock returns in Istanbul stock exchange.He used data from July 1993 to December 2005 for Istanbul Stock Exchange and used Fama and French (1992) methodology to construct portfolios represented accurately by size-beta and then size-book-to-market, he found that book to market and Beta of a firms have no effect on the stock return’s in Istanbul stock exchange. Size of the firm was the only variable which was negatively related to the stock returns in Istanbul stock exchange. He also found that book to market, size and beta is not related with January effects. Hjalmarsson, E. (2004), in his study tried to find out Global stock returns predictability.He took twenty thousand monthly observation form forty international stock markets. In which 24 were of developed economy and 16 were of developing economy. However his study showed that dividend yield and price to earnings ratio has little power of predictability and defends his conclusion by adding that international result is showing deviation from traditional view because the method use internationally may not count for determination of variables. 2. 1 Hypotheses H1: return of stock and DY has no associatio n in time (t) and (t-1) respectively in sample one.H2 return of stock and EY has no association in time (t) and (t-1) respectively in sample one. H3: return of stock and B/M has no association in time (t) and (t-1) respectively in sample one. H4: return of stock and DY has no association in time (t) and (t-1) respectively in sample two. H5: return of stock and EY has no association in time (t) and (t-1) respectively in sample two. H6: return of stock and B/M has no association in time (t) and (t-1) respectively in sample two. 2 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)Vol 3, No 10, 2012 ww. iiste. org H7: return of stock and DY, EY, B/M combination has no association in time (t) and (t-1) respectively in sample one. H8: return of stock and DY, EY, B/M combination has no association in time (t) and (t-1) respectively in sample two. 3. Research Methodology In order to check predictability power of earning yield, dividend yield and book t o market ratios for predicting stock returns the study has taken a sample of 100 firms for a period of 2005-2011. We have applied certain screening criteria’s for companies to be included in the sample.First, the firm must be listed on the KSE before Jan 1st 2005. 2nd, for more than twelve months a stock must not be deferred. 3rd, for the study period of seven years a company stock must not be delisted. 4th, data must be available for all sample firms and variables. Finally, for a period of more than twelve months the dividend yield of firms must not be zero. The study has divided the selected firms into two equal samples, which will reduce the effects of random sampling errors and for the predictive regression two samples produce different estimation.The study is based on secondary data, which is collected from, â€Å"State Bank of Pakistan†, company’s annual reports, business recorder and from â€Å"Karachi stock exchange†. Following S. Kheradyar et al, (2011) this study includes stock returns as dependent variable while dividend yield, earning yield and B/M ratios has been taken as independent variables. 4. Measurement of Variables 4. 1 Stock Return Following Lewellen (2001) and S. Kheradyar et al, (2011) we have used stock return as dependent variable.Stock return is measured by dividing capital gain along with dividend per share on market price per share. Following is the formula for stock returns. SRi = DPs + capital gain/market price 4. 2 Book to Market Ratio For finding value of company by comparison of market value of a share to its book value, study tends towards book to market ratio. For finding book value of a firm the study divide equity of a firm by its total number of outstanding shares. As for market price is concerned study tend towards the ongoing price of share in stock market.If a firm offer high return and having high book value than its market value, the firm is riskier and in future returns of stock will be lo wered than today. The following formula is used for calculating book to market value: B/M = Book Value per share Market value per share Lewellen (2001) states that as compare to P/E ratio B/M has higher predictive power for predicting stock return. But when study compare B/M ratio with dividend yield than dividend yield is good forecaster than B/M ratio. 4. 3 Dividend yield Following S.Kheradyar et al, (2011) second independent variable in this study is Dividend yield which is calculated as dividing dividend per share on market price per share. If market price is lower than dividend yield will be higher and give a riskier signal for investment. Contrast to higher dividend yield is low dividend yield; such happen when market price per share is higher than dividend yield and gives an optimistic view for investment.The following formula demonstrates how to calculate dividend yield: Dividend Yield (%) = (Dividend per Share / Market rate per share) x 100 4. Earning Yield The empirical li teratures lay foundations of the predictive power of earning yield on stock return, and find out the association between earning yield and stock return is considerable, because earning yield plays as a risk factor in relation with stock return. Moreover, the earning yield can demonstrate the efficiency of market that has an important role in emerging markets, thus this study uses earning yield as the empirical predictor of stock return. Following S. Kheradyar et al, (2011) we have measured earning yield as earning per share divided by price of share. 5.Regression Model In this research article we have investigated three financial ratios EY, DY and B/M to determine whether they predict stock returns. This research study has used the stock return and the above mentioned financial ratios association at 3 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 10, 2012 www. iiste. org two samples as the foundation for the formulation of Eight hypotheses. On the grounds of their appropriate regression models the eight hypotheses are divided into two sets.In this study we have used the two models of simple nd multiple regressions to apply Predictive regression; it is an important tool for predicting stock returns. A set of panal data is used for the formulation of these two models. For tackling the problem of heteroskedasticity and non-normality distributed residuals, we applied generalized least squares method. Following S. Kheradyar et al, (2011) we have used panal models to formulate predictive regressions. Hence we have used simple regression model to test the first 6 hypothesis which are formulated on the basis of association between each financial ratio and future stock returns.The simple regression model has the following form: SR it = ß0 + ßi Xi (t-1) + eit Where, SR it= in time period t, the return of ith stock, ß0= the estimated constant, ßi= ith stock predictable coefficient, Xi (t-1) = in period t-1 financial ratios of the ith stock, eit = error term. Similarly following S. Kheradyar et al, (2011) we have used multiple regression model to test the other two hypotheses H7 and H8, these two hypotheses are formulated on the basis of relationship between combined financial ratios and future stock returns.The model has the following form: SR it = ß0 + ßi1 DYi (t-1) + ßi2 EYi (t-1) + ßi3 B/Mi (t-1) + eit Where, SR it= in time period t, the return of ith stock, ß0= the estimated constant, ßi1= for DY the Ith stock predictable coefficient, ßi2= for EY the Ith stock predictable coefficient, ßi3= for B/M the Ith stock predictable coefficient, DYi (t-1) = is ith stock DY factor in period of time t-1, EYi (t-1) = EY factor of ith stock in period of time t-1, B/Mi (t-1) = B/M factor of ith stock in t-1 time period, eit = error terms. 6.Results and Discussion For the first 6 hypothesis the predictive regression results are summarized in Table 1. The coefficient of di vidend yield in Table 1 demonstrates a positive relationship of dividend yield in period (t-1) and stock returns in period (t) in both samples that is when dividend yield increases by one unit it will cause an increase of 0. 021 and 0. 010 units in stock returns of two samples respectively. As for the p-value of coefficient of Dividend yield is concerned it is 0. 016 in sample one which is less than 0. 5, so the relationship is statistically significant and the null hypothesis H1 is rejected, however in sample two the association is insignificant so hypothesis H4 cannot be rejected.The coefficient of earning yield in Table 1 demonstrates a positive relationship of earning yield in period (t-1) and stock returns at period (t) that is when earning yield increases by one unit it will cause an increase of 0. 013 and 0. 008 units in stock returns in the two samples respectively. As for the p-value of coefficient of earning yield is concerned it is 0. 19 and 0. 010 in the two samples resp ectively which is less than 0. 05, so the relationship is statistically significant, therefore we will reject hypothesis H2 and H5. The negative coefficient of Book to market value in table 1 notifies an inverse relationship of B/M and stock returns in both samples that is if B/M ratio increasing the stock return will be decreasing and vice versa. The p-value of coefficient of B/M value 0. 000 indicates that the relationship is statistically significant in both samples, so hypothesis H3 and H6 have been rejected.S. Kheradyar et al, (2011) found that DY has negative influence on stock return, and a positive association between EY and stock return. He also found a positive impact of B/M on stock return in (2) (1) 4 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 10, 2012 www. iiste. org sample 2 but a negative one in sample 1. It can also be noticed by looking at the adjusted R-square that B/M has the highest predictive power, and th is result is also supported by S. Kheradyar et al, (2011). Insert Table 1 Here) Now we will test to see whether stock return predictive power increases with the combination of EY, BM and DY. We will reject H7 and H8 because it can be seen in Table 2 that the predictive regressions are statistically significant. Thus we can say that stock return can be predicted by the combination of EY, BM and DY. Also we can say that as compare to the other two ratios, the variations of the ratio of book to market has greater impact on stock return, because in both samples it has the highest coefficient.Similarly by looking at the adjusted R-square we can say that in the two samples stock return predictive power increases when the combination of EY, BM and DY increases. (Insert Table 2 Here) 6. Conclusion Literature regarding predictability of stock returns has changed over the last 20 years. With evolution researchers and economists separated price to earnings ratio, dividend yield, inflation, and book to market ratio, beta, industry returns, interest rate, and size of firms from amongst other variables which were considered important for predicting return of stocks.Presently strong evidences are present regarding variables for predicting stock returns. Analysis showed that financial ratios have significant power of predictability for forecasting returns of stock and they predict future stock return of Pakistani market, and B/M has higher predictive power as compare to other ratios. Similarly the predictability of stock return is enhanced by the combination of financial ratios. References A. Schrimpf, (2010). International Stock Return Predictability under Model Uncertainty. Journal of International Money and Finance, 29: 1256-1282. S. Kheradyar, I. Ibrahim, and F.Mat Nor, (2011). Stock Return Predictability with Financial Ratios. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Fiance, 2(5): 391-396. J. Y. Campbell, and R. J. Shiller, (1988). Stock Prices, Earnings and Expecte d Dividends. Journal of Finance, 43(3): 661-676. Chan, L. Hamao, Y. Lakonishok, J. (1991). Fundamental and Stock Returns in Japan. The Journal of Finance, 17391764. Mukerji, S. Dhatt, M. Kim, Y. , (1997). A Fundamental Analysis of Korean Stock. Financial Analyst Journal, 53: 7580 Kothari, S. P. , Jay A. Shanken, (1997). Book-to-Market, Dividend Yield and Expected Market Returns: A TimeSeries Analysis.Journal of Financial Economics 44: 169-203. J. Pontiff, and L. Schall, (1998). Book-to-Market Ratios as Predictors of Market Returns. Journal of Financial Economics, 49: 141–160. Lewellen, J. , (2002). Predicting Returns with Financial Ratio. National Bureau of Economics Research, MIT working paper no. 4374-02 Ang, A. and Bekeart, G. , (2006). Stock Returns Predictability. The Review of Financial Study, 651-707. E. F. Fama and K. French, (1992). The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns. Journal of Finance, 47: 427-465 Lewellen, J. , (2001). Predicting Returns with Financial Ra tios. Journal of Financial Economic, 209-235.

Human origins, human problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human origins, human problems - Essay Example The paper is summarized in a concluding paragraph and Harvard referencing style has been used properly. 2. Introduction to the Hobbit Before going into the details of the subject matter, let’s first get to understand what Homo floresiensis actually is. Homo floresiensis, literally meaning Man of Flores, was discovered by Michael Moore’s team at the Liang Bua cave1 on the island of Flores in Indonesia2 on September 2003. Nicknamed as the Hobbit, it is believed to be a species known for its small sized body and brain whose fossils, according to archeologists, have been found somewhere 38,000 to 18,000 years ago3. More specifically speaking, the size is said to be â€Å"only about 1 meter in height and fully bipedal, with a very small brain size of 417cc†4. Homo floresiensis may be called contemporaries of Homo sapiens. Scientists suggest that since it is usual that large mammals may exist on islands in their dwarf form, hence Homo floresiensis may also be a dwarf f orm of Homo erectus. Mayell5 states that the skulls of the tiny humans were the size of grapefruits and they lived on pygmy elephants, Komodo dragons, and big rats found on the island. 3. Homo Floresiensis (LB1) in Human Evolution 3.1. ... The found specimen, LB1, contains leg bones, hands, feet, pelvis, and other remains which are both primitive and derived. LB1 is said to be the fossil of an adult who might be the age of 30. An analysis of its pelvis revealed that it was the skeleton of a female. It would have been a bit larger on size if it was a male although all fossil found so far are of the same size as LB1. Since, the individual was of young age, the bones of the skeleton had not fossilized as yet and are reported to be in the consistency of mashed potatoes or wet blotting paper. The brain size is as small as 380cc that is a chimpanzee’s brain’s size. With the fossils of LB1, some stone tools were also found which a homini with such a small sized brain cannot make. Thus the tools are believed to be created by Homo sapiens. Anthropologists, for example, Peter Brown, Michael Morwood and their colleagues argue about LB1 that â€Å"it was contemporaneous with modern humans (Homo sapiens) on Floresâ⠂¬ 6. 3.2. Evolution Homo floresiensis are said to have evolved from Homo erectus and the result is a tremendous decrease in the body and brain size. Because of the reduced brain size, archeologists also suggest that the â€Å"floresiensis might actually have evolved from something smaller, such as the Dmanisi hominids found in Georgia, some of which have brain sizes between 600 and 700 cc, smaller than the 800-900cc typical of early erectus†7. Also, when stone tools were found on another location in Flores in 1998, it was said that these tools may be the creation of Homo erectus because these were the pre-sapiens hominids existing in Indonesia who are thought to have crossed the sea-passage that separates Flores from Java. Some archeologists believe that these

Economic globalization reduces the possibility of conflict Essay

Economic globalization reduces the possibility of conflict - Essay Example From a critical point of view, when countries learn to depend on each other, they form long lasting relationships as the feel that they need each other for survival. On this note, they are committed to maintain harmony to ensure that this interdependence works out for all of them and that each country can uplift their economy. Since countries are unique entities with different resources, it is true that globalizing the economy will ensure that conflicts are reduced and each country can depend on its allies. On this ground, it is clear that the harmony that the world enjoys today is a result of health relationships that have resulted from the formation of a global economy. The end of the 20th century and the 21st century is a time when the world has experience harmony as a result of reduced conflict. The world economy structure has changed due to the formation of a global market where countries are free to venture. Unlike in the post war period, countries are free to invest across the world due to reduced barriers of foreign business entrants. As Barbie (1996) points out, there has been great economic integration to the extent that it is impossible to tell where a product was manufactured. Barbie gives the example of goods that are â€Å"made in China† but have actually been produced through operation integration. Countries have come together to venture in common markets to the extent of collaboratively producing one product. As countries exhaust their domestic markets, they are free to invest in foreign markets in the onset of market liberalization. In the 21st century business organizations have ventured in international markets to increase t heir profits by investing in unexploited markets. This kind of economic integration has resulted into reduced rivalry as countries learn that the domestic market is not enough for economic development. As a result, the new century has seen the number inter country wars reduced due to the economic cohesion that