Royal Mails Human Resource Strategy

Imperial Mails Human Resource Strategy 1.The Royal Mail do have three degrees of procedures:- Corporate level - which manages the general association. Ex: Geographical districts, Market choice. Business level procedure is referenced for each sort of business did by the Royal mail. Practical level-The Finance, Human Resource Management, Production, Marketing, Research and Development goes under this area. The Corporate methodology of Royal mail is structured so that it demonstrates their capacity to adapt to the market changes in a positive and negative way. It is the difficulties of the workers and their standard client administrations makes the Royal mail to get an upper hand over its rivals like TNT, DHL and so on. Regal Mail which was once supposed to be the Monopolist in the field of Postal administrations lost the title of Monopoly in the start of 2006. It had 99% of the piece of the pie in its grasp. Regal mail do have a view to make their corporate Strategic obligation to turn into a piece of their key administration process. They are:- 2. Corporate Strategic duty incorporates:- The help of the laborers from the work environment which frames the foundation of the Royal mail. The administration additionally manages the laborers in an all the more agreeable way with no sort of segregation. Being laborers supposed to be the benefits of the firm, Royal Mail takes great consideration of their laborers and with respect to the working conditions as well. To make its activities intended to have a solid beneficial outcome on its laborers, clients and to its providers. Accomplish a net zero carbon impression by 2015 and to help their customers to do their exercises to have a positive preferred position towards nature and to achieve an upper hand. Considering their Corporate obligation Royal Mail wishes to be not quite the same as its rivals Regal mail had made their corporate system by mulling over of their Organizational targets and their accomplishment. It is in the Functional level the Human Resource Strategies shows up. The meaning of the Human Resource procedure and the Human Resource Strategies of the Royal Mail from 2005-2010 are referenced beneath. 3.Human Resource procedure (Definition):- Before moving to Human Resource Strategy we should recognize what is implied by the term strategy?.Strategy for the most part implies choosing the best choice from a surge of choices. As per Lundy and cowling (1998,p16), methodology is: The craft of war, generalship, particularly the specialty of coordinating military developments in order to make sure about the most worthwhile positions and blend of powers. The Human Resource Management group in the Royal Mail coordinates the laborers by inspiring them and giving them legitimate preparing so as to accomplish the Organizational objectives and to get an upper hand over its opponents. The term Human Resource Strategy is all around characterized as Human Resource the board (HRM) is a key way to deal with overseeing business relations which accentuates that influence people groups capacities is basic to accomplishing manageable upper hand, this being accomplished through a particular arrangement of incorporated work approaches, projects and practices. [Bratton and Gold,4e,p3] 4.The Human Resource Strategies from 2005 2010:- Human Resource Management shapes the most significant capacity in an Organization as the laborers are viewed as the important resources of the firm. The correct sort of individuals in right situation at the opportune time is the goal of the HR Manager. It is said that ordinarily in a day HR Manager generally burns through 20% of their working hours in managing the complaints of the representatives without influencing the Organizations routine exercises. HR Executives ought to have a capacity to manage their staffs in a reasonable and well disposed way instead of forcing more control on them. The Royal Mail take the endeavors made by their laborers into great thought and depend on the reality about their profession advancement instead of essentially a vocation. The Royal Mails Human Resource systems in the period from 2005 to 2010 is referenced beneath which incorporates a few dangers they confronted and the means embraced to confront those dangers. Human Resource techniques of the Royal Mail in 2005:- One of the most significant activities of the Royal Mail can be found in the start of 2005 which utilized applicants from the socially avoided gatherings. The up-and-comers who were enrolled performed very well in the choice procedure just as in the Organization as well. Newcomers by this procedure were set in position as mailman, conveyance van drivers, letter arranging who were ex-administration men or the individuals who are destitute. This Pilot program helped the Royal Mail in bringing down the expense and work turnovers and demonstrated as the firm with best representative fulfillment. The representatives in this manner had a drawn out duty and had a self propelled way to deal with buckle down for the firm to accomplish its objectives. The business desire for high duty and the representative desire for dealing with their social needs made the laborers of the Royal Mail to be faithful to the firm and improved the proportion of trust towards the firm. The intentional associations like the Royal Association of Disabled and Rehabilitation, Business activity on Homelessness and so on helped the Royal Mail to get competitors of socially avoided gatherings. The Human Resource group played a significant capacity in sifting through the rundown of debilitated up-and-comers and choosing the best applicants through a standard determination process. The Human Resource Manager who have the Management as a workmanship perspective methods having natural gifts will have those aptitudes to enroll those individuals who can add to the limit of their stretch out towards their Organization. The Royal mail group managed by Mr. Adam Crozier made record yearly benefits in 2005 which assisted with giving 1074 pounds of rewards to its laborers. These were accomplished by the worker performance,better client care by appropriately prepared staff and their exhibition related compensation methodology of the Human Resource group. Human Resource methodologies of the Royal Mail in 2006:- The Human Resource group in the Royal Mail had the option to give moment answers for the complaints of the workers. The beginning of the year 2006 was not as useful for the Royal Mail as it confronted a postal strike in Belfast. Almost 200 mailmen halted their labor for about fourteen days which had a negative effect on the Royal Mails administrations to the clients. The clients were said to contact the workplace straightforwardly for any significant issues and the vast majority of the letters and reports were hindered in certain spots remained undelivered. The Communication Workers Union says that the strike was because of the awful and unjustifiable acts of the directors towards the laborers in Belfast and the center issue isn't acknowledged by the Royal Mail. Significant conveyance including specific administrations were halted incidentally and the administration made quick move to take care of the issue. The Workers in strike were guaranteed that they won't be dealt with severely when they come back to their work and fundamental moves will be made against the individuals who were seen as liable. The Human Resource group in the Royal Mail paid attention to the issue and they ensured that the laborers will be dealt with decently and with no separation. The mental agreement which says high inspiration and high duty ought to be contemplated which made the Human Resource Manger to manage the circumstance in a well disposed and shrewd way. It was for this present year the Royal Mail lost its situation as a Monopoly in the postal Industry and began confronting wide spread rivalry. The administration concurred that their will be no decrease in the work power, high employer stability will be given salary increase scales to the staffs. The Christmas period of 2006 likewise made the clients of the Royal Mail to endure because of the strike of 800 specialists which caused immense volume of undelivered reports in the workplace. The administrations choice to change some full time post to low maintenance when an employment opportunity emerge was protested by the worker's guild by saying that it is against the National understanding. The issue was raised truly and the Royal Mail reacted to it by saying that the choice will be with the assent of the laborer understanding. The strike was halted by coming to the point that the new position openings in the Royal Mail will be done by the administration with the joined hands of the worker's guild to settle on choice in regards to whether to treat the opportunity full time or low maintenance and the administration guaranteed that no staff will be compelled to change his all day work status to low maintenance. The end of the arranging office in Paddington, London around the same time was clarified by the Royal Mail as a stage taken so as to improve their consumer loyalty and profitability against the wide spread gossipy tidbits about some unlawful activities of the mailmen. The 950 laborers who worked their were briefly avoided their obligations and some of them were given exchange offers. The laborers duty in a firm rely upon their compensation as well as on different elements like work climate, worker business relationship, partner character and so on. The sacking of 5 laborers who rewarded their ladies partner gravely in one of the Royal Mail branch shows the quick reaction taken by the Human Resource group in those issues which influences a representative to perform well in an Organization and to lessen those exercises which influences the notoriety of the firm. The Human Resource group has verified enhancements in the wellbeing and security measures for the laborers because of the gigantic fine the firm needed to pay with respect to the passing of a worker, which was made as a wellbeing and wellbeing issue by the court. Human Resource procedures of the Royal Mail in 2007:- The Privatization of the Royal Mail was the principle issue talked about by the Human Resource group in the Royal Mail and the laborers purpose of trust towards the firm

The Common Indoor Air Pollutants Environmental Sciences Essay

Air contamination is a look used to portray the air territory when the convergences of synthetic compounds, particulate issue, or organic operators noticeable all around surpasses the suggested degrees and turned into a start of health peril or do awkwardness to universes and different creatures, or cause amendss to the populating indigenous habitat. Contamination can be come about because of semisynthetic everyday modern systems and exercises or by the nature. There are numerous signifiers of contaminations strong iotas, fluid beads, or gases. Indoor air contamination can be emerges from indoor and out-of-entryway toxin beginnings. People groups, especially students, spend around 90 % of their live in fixed controlled situations, EPA ( 2001 ) . These fixed situations may hold toxin beginnings that could hold short or long consequences for inhabitants ‘ health, comfort, prosperity, resolve and productiveness. The quality of the impacts relies upon the level of the nature of within air ( contamination degrees ) . In ongoing mature ages, the issue of indoor air and its quality ( IAQ ) has become a universally perceived issue that got the going to of research laborers and the occupants toward bettering the nature of air inside structures conditions. Fanger ( 2006 ) characterizes the indoor air quality ( IAQ ) as â€Å" the craving of human to fathom the air as new and wonderful, with no negative effects on their heath and productiveness † . Many research laborers, for example, Wark and Warner ( 1981 ) and Singh ( 1996 ) explored talked about the beginnings of the open air and the indoor contamination t hat influenced the indoor air. They found that the indoor air quality can be affected by the out-of-entryway air contamination beginnings, for example, traffic ; modern ; building, and consuming exercises and the indoor beginnings, for example, airing gear, trappingss, and human exercises. Regular Indoor Air Pollutants In this development, the regular indoor air quality parametric amounts and its open air and indoor start in add-on to it is wellbeing danger on human will be talked about. The basic IAQ parametric amounts comprises of three physical parametric amounts ( room temperature, similar dampness, and air movement ) identified with inhabitants ‘ warm solace which is characterized in the old section, eight vaporous sullying parametric amounts ( sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) , nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) , C monoxide ( CO ) , C dioxide ( CO2 ) , formaldehyde ( HCHO ) , radon ( Rn ) , ozone ( O3 ) and hydrocarbons ) and three airborne defilements parametric amounts, particulates issues ( PM ) ; bioaerosols ( bacteriums, infections, Fungis and dust, aë†â ¦etc ) and cleans, In add-on to the treatment of olfactory properties. Sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) This kind of contamination gas has been widely concentrated by many research laborers around the universe in out-of-doorss situations because of it is high tendency to react with expansive extent of synthetic concoctions. SO2 is a drab gas with a trademark impactful olfactory property and results from the non-renewable energy sources consuming. Corrosive downpour is one of the out-of-entryway contamination work cased by this gas. Indoor SO2 focuses are regularly lower than open air, likely around 0.1 ppm, ( Andersen 1972 ; Yocom, 1982 and Meyer, 1983 ) . Because of it tendency to react with numerous synthetic substances, indoor SO2 can react with building stuffs and consumed by the structure surfaces ( Andersen 1972 ) . This gas can become dim in H2O and blends in with air in all temperatures. The boss indoor beginnings of SO2 are coal terminating inside hearths and using fuel oil extents and warmers. Sulfur dioxide causes concern, general awkwardness, tension, and redness of the respiratory real estate parcel, wheezing, lung damage, and disturbance of the eyes, nose and pharynx, stifling and hacking, ASHRAE ( 2009 ) . Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) Nitrogen dioxide is harsh gas with bitter olfactory property and shaped in outside climate from high temperature consuming methodology by the response of the azotic oxide ( NO ) with Oxygen ( O2 ) and Ozone ( O3 ) . Engine vehicles add to around 55 % of the artificial NOx radiations, EPA ( 2008 ) . The significant beginnings of this gas in inside situations are gas cookery extents and hotter and baccy smolder, Samet et al. , ( 1987 ) . In an overview done by Yocom ( 1982 ) among British school messes with it was discovered that students whom experience the ill effects of diminished respiratory guide are populating in houses with gas ranges. Introduction to low degrees of Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) causes brevity of breath, weakness, affliction and irritation to the eyes, nose, pharynx, and lungs ; presentation to high degrees cause fast burning, cramps, expanding of tissues in the pharynx and upper respiratory real estate parcel, diminished oxygenation of natural structure tissues, a development of liquid in the lungs, and may take to expire, ( Burgess and Crutchfield, 1995 ; Bascom et Al. 1996 and ASHRAE, 2009 ) . Carbon monoxide ( CO ) CO is an extremely toxicant asphyxiant and non bothering gas that has no shading, olfactory property or gustatory sensation. This gas delivered by the uncomplete consuming of carbon-based powers ( Yocom, 1982 and Meyer, 1983 ) . Vehicular exhaust is a significant start of C monoxide, ( Moolenaar et al. , 1995 ; Girman et al. , 1998 and EPA, 2008 ) . The indoor C monoxide focuses are oftentimes higher than the out-of-entryway fixations because of the spread from gas extents and baccy rage, ( Yocom, 1982 and Girman et al. , 1998 ) . The main outcome of this gas on human wellbeing is its liking for hemoglobin in blood. The breathed in CO blends in with the hemoglobin in the blood and signifiers carboxyhemoglobin that lessens the O shipping limit of the blood vass. CO is multiple times more productive at hemoglobin following than Oxygen, ASHRAE ( 2009 ) . Presentation to carbon monoxide causes concerns, brevity of breath, musculus achings, chest harming, especially in individuals with old chest occupations history, hazy vision, happiness, queasiness/regurgitating, coming up short, disarray, exhaustion, quick chest rate at high degrees, quick profound outside breath at high degrees, blacking out and perish at high degrees, CPSC ( 2008 ) . Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) Carbon dioxide is a dreary, unscented, asphyxiant nursery gas discharged from the total copying of the C with Oxygen. The mean regular centralizations of CO2 in the outside and indoor ( nonindustrial ) condition are 350-400 ppm, and 400-1200 ppm, severally, ASHRAE ( 2009 ) . The central beginnings of the indoor CO2 are human natural structure through the transformation technique ( supplement ingestion ) , and occupants ‘ action. The health employments related with C dioxide introduction are concerns, energy, fretfulness, sentiment of a powerlessness to slowly inhale, anxiety ( darken sentiment of awkwardness ) , expanded chest rate, expanded blood power per unit territory, visual misshapening, hindered hearing, queasiness/regurgitating, loss of awareness, trance like state, eruptions, expire from suffocation ( natural structure cells do non gain the O they have to populate ) , EPA ( 2008 ) . Formaldehyde ( HCHO ) Formaldehyde is a dismal with a solid impactful olfactory property and considered as the vast majority of import substance in the aldehydes bunch because of it is generally utilized in the creation technique of many building stuffs, for example, froth insularity, plyboard, floor coverings, consuming contraptions and particle board cements which discharges again the methanal to the indoor condition. The run of the mill indoor methanal fixations extend from 0.05 to 1 ppm, where in the new buildings the indoor degrees of the methanal are high, ( Meyer, 1983 ; Samet et al. , 1991 ) and the majority of the grumbles were from structures with formaldehyde foam insularity and roaming places that utilizes plyboard framing, Wadden ( 1983 ) . The pace of dissemination of this substance is a guide of the indoor temperature and mugginess. Presenting to formaldehyde can do health impacts incorporate oculus, nose, and pharynx inconvenience ; wheezing and hacking ; exhaustion ; skin roseola ; horren dous unfavorably susceptible responses, EPA ( 2008 ) . High convergences of methanal may do threatening neoplastic illness and different impacts recorded under natural gases. Radon ( Rn ) Radon is a latent radioactive, dull, scentless, boring baronial synthetic gas segment. Normally, this segment can be found as soil gas contained Rn framed from the rot product of uranium and can remain as a gas under ordinary natural conditions. This contaminant segment can be found inside because of certain beginnings, for example, structure stuffs especially that rich with Ra, for example, alum shale-based stuff and phosphogypsum drywall, profound Wellss H2O gaseous petrol holding high Rn fixations. Another head starting is the progression of the soil gas into the spots through building clefts, sumps and some other holes or around the solid section, Bale ( 1980 ) . Because of snugness of the structures plan, the indoor fixations are typically higher than that in out-of-entryway condition. As of late, this part is considered as cancer-causing agent segment du to it is radiation, which has a basic health peril on structures inhabitants, where it is viewed as the second most ground of lung harmful neoplastic infection after casket nail smoke, EPA ( 2008 ) . Ozone ( O3 ) Ozone is an extremely responsive contamination that can oxidize the vast majority of the synthetic concoctions in nature, for example, aldehydes. In characteristic open air condition, Ozone produces from the outcome of the daylight on the N oxides and hydrocarbons. Ordinarily the Ozone focuses in the out-of-entryway condition are higher than that found in inside. The main beginnings of the high indoor Ozone fixation are the copiers, optical maser pressmans, electrostatic air cleaners and x-beam generators, ( Yocom, 1982 and Wadden, 1983 ) . These beginnings create electrostatic Fieldss that can deliver very poisonous convergences of ozone in air. Presenting to low focus deg

Writing Stellar Blog Posts for Alien Niches

Writing Stellar Blog Posts for Alien Niches Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Writing Stellar Blog Posts for Alien NichesUpdated On 23/10/2017Author : HBB Guest AuthorTopic : BloggingShort URL : https://hbb.me/2xYUcvD CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogSo, you are a blogger. Specifically, you write sales copies and blog posts for online projects in need of terrific and tailor-made content. You are in love with words, and you write articles for living and pleasure.Thats great! The more blog posts, the better; especially when they help to survive a writer burnout. For that reason, you write on various topics, come up with unlimited blog post ideas, and cover different niches. And one day you agree to craft a text for a niche thats Greek to you.OopsYou understand that readers dont need another neither-here-nor-there article. You care about the what and the why of your message, so you want to generate expert content and be proud of it. More than that , you cant write blog posts that have duplications online: when you check them with the tools like PlagiarismCheck, they need to be original. The problem is, no one becomes an expert in one day; clients are waiting, and you have to can the can â€" write that article and meet deadlines!These three aspects will help you win:1. ResearchIf you plan to create a meaty blog post â€" forget about Google and Wikipedia. For a while, at least. You need a first-class article, not a crap your client can find at content mills. So take a step the other way round:Go to expertsBlind men can judge no colors, so go to people in the niche who know it inside out. Thousands of users can help you online, hundreds agree to do that, and dozens are ready to help free of charge. Send direct messages to experts, asking them questions on the information you need for the blog post.Yes, far from everyone will reply at once. To expedite feedback from micro-influencers, promise to link/mention them in your text. An d dont forget to tell about online media where you are going to publish the article: it can become another trigger for them to help you.But dont expect they will provide you with a thesis and statements for compelling posts. Break down all questions into categories to get more insights. Lets say you need to write an article on how to choose rental skis. So your questions might be as follows:Who? â€" Who are those people renting skis?What? â€" What do your clients do? How much time do they spend on skiing?Why? â€" Why is it so difficult to choose skis? What are the pitfalls here?How? â€" How will we help them: what to ask, where to look, etc.?When? â€" When do your clients prefer to rent? When is the rent of skis more beneficial? Is it so, indeed?It takes up to a week to find experts, list questions, contact influencers, and get feedback from them. Meanwhile, keep on researching.Go to fellow writersAlien to you, the niche might be familiar to other bloggers. They wrote about rental s kis for sure: some of them didnt hear of plagiarism myths and, therefore, paraphrased writings, but there were also writers who did research, analyzed the audience, and got into the nuts and bolts of this topic. Network with them to learn what they know. Big chances are, their answers will be more honest and sincere than bare facts youve got with your term of reference.READ5 Headline Tips That Will Blow Your Reader's MindIn case you dont have fellows with such an experience, go to corresponding forums, communities, and groups on social media. And only after youve got insights from experts and colleagues â€" its time to search Google and read articles on the topic. Use them to polish and supplement information you already have.2. VoiceA great mistake would be to write for everyone. All bloggers know that but yet continue doing that.RememberThe topic of your article doesnt identify its audience. For example, texts about a new web portal for freelancers might be interesting to not only freelancers themselves but also people hiring them, competitors, independent digital marketers, etc. So decide on the audience of your text, and then go to respective influencers and online communities to find them.Track the questions your target audience ask and answers they get. Find out what makes them mad. To save time, create polls and quizzes â€" people do love such interactive content, and it will allow you to get the necessary information.The key point to considerMake sure the audience of those groups and communities is relevant. Then, accumulate all facts to create a buying persona whom youll keep in mind while writing: their age, gender, profession, problems, interests, and hobbies.The more facts you know about a buying persona, the easier it will be to choose voice and tone for your article and write texts that convert.3. LanguageSo now you know whom to speak and what to tell. The last but not least moment is to understand which language patterns to choose for writing.To ne and voice of your article matter, but make sure you know some terms, expressions, and even slang the target audience use for communication. Thus, writing about rental skis, you might want to know what it means to get a wooden medal, become snowed, or go to bushes.And now youve got it, padawan!The secret of writing stellar articles for alien niches is in your pocket. Do research, dont be afraid to ask experts, and dont hurry up to read and rewrite first five articles from Google search. Know the audience, write for a particular buying persona, consider words and tone you use, and do your best to create a text that comes home to readers.After all, isnt that a reason why you blog?By Lesley J. Vos, a professional web writer and contributor to publications on digital marketing, writing craft, and self-development. Find more works of hers on Twitter or say hi on Facebook.

Overuse of Antidepressants Today and How Aldous Huxley...

Antidepressants are a prescription drug now used by people of all ages. They have become a part of society, therefore, taking antidepressants is not frowned upon. Antidepressants are used to make people feel â€Å"happier† and not to feel sadness. This is shown in the dystopian society in the book Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley in 1932. In that society the people use soma, a well-known drug, to make them feel no pain and are conditioned to think soma fixes everything. Helmholtz and Bernard two main characters, do not take it because they want to be able to see the world for what it is. They also do not want soma to change how they feel; they want to appreciate nature. In addition Lenina and Henry love taking soma because then they†¦show more content†¦Not everything has to be cured by modern-day technology, such as better antidepressants, sometimes the â€Å"old-fashion† way is a lot better and more effective. Since the prescriptions have increased, t he use of antidepressants has also optimized in children and adolescents. Part of the high growth in the usage of antidepressants was because doctors were prescribing the drug to children younger than 6. The number of â€Å"antidepressant prescriptions written for teens increases every year† (Mitchell). That statistic should be going down because teenagers do not know if they are really depressed or if they just had a bad day. By the doctor just giving them medicine teenagers will never learn how to deal with their problems and how to fix certain situation. By prescribing the medication children and teens are learning how to take the easy way out, by resorting to taking drugs. Antidepressant use is not only in teenagers, but antidepressant prescriptions for â€Å"kids ages 6 and under rose to a surprising 580 percent† (Mitchell) as well. Starting kids young on antidepressants should not be allowed because then the children could not develop correctly. The child†™s brain is still developing and the use of antidepressants make it that the brain can not fully developed or get so use to the antidepressant doing all the work, that the child would not know how to cope with a bad day or stress. The child would just go straight to the medicine drawer and take

Is Management A Complex, Diverse And Eclectic Domain For A...

Management is a complex, diverse and eclectic domain including work of a technical, economic, political, cultural, psychological and communicative nature (Alvesson and Deetz, 2000) There is no proper timeline to when the process management started there is a lot of management process techniques and theories which was there before the term actually coined by the historians there is no way in which pyramids of Egypt could be formed without management skills there certainly no way possible that Alexander the great started his journey to conquer the world without any plan or the Mughal emperor establish without management at that time the task were performed by kings and his ministers they act as mangers, slaves can be referred to as worker. Examples of good management are still being witness in some of the old civilizations, which are found by archaeologist. Later as civilizations started to grow and started gaining knowledge about human needs and requirement more specific research started to took place to improves life’s of people there was more to offer then to loose later in the 17th century the needs of the people started to grow and people started looking different ways to be ahead of one another that actually affected the way in which then require more proper way to handle situations as demand started to grow and it was becoming difficult for small organizations to handle growing needs of developing world which lead to rise of industrial revolution it started withShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Good Management Skills?2943 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Management is a complex, diverse and eclectic domain involving aspects of technical, economic, political, cultural, psychological and communicative nature (Alvesson and Deetz, 2000). There is no proper timeline to when the process management started. 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Persepolis Life Changes During The Islamic Revolution...

The novel â€Å"Persepolis† shows many life changes during the Islamic Revolution told through the eyes of a young girl. â€Å"Persepolis† was based on Satrapi’s childhood experience in Iran. Throughout the span of the 1970’s to the early 1980’s, Satrapi experiences many changes in her life, not only with the government, or her education, but also with herself. Although she witnessed many violent acts right in front of her eyes, these experiences helped Marji (Satrapi) grow as a young child. Soon after the revolution, Iran became one bundle of chaos as the country began experiencing internal difficulties with the new republic. Then with the war between Iran and Iraq, violence became Marji’s daily lifestyle. The Iranians were left to themselves to protect their friends and family from the bombings and other types of violence happening in plain sight. Many unfortunate individuals lost their belongings as well as close friends and family. For ex ample, a close friend of Marji’s mother, Mali and her family, lost her and her family’s belongings in a bombing. The family found refuge in Marji’s home until they left Iran for good. They were one of the few families who understood the severity of the violence overwhelming Iran. Along with many other changes, Iranians were recruiting young boys to join their military. They brainwashed the young boys with a plastic key painted gold; explaining to them that if they were fortunate enough to die, then the key would allow them to enter heaven.Show MoreRelatedPersepolis: perceptions of the veil1546 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Persepolis; Perceptions of the veil [Satrapi, (b) p52] â€Å"And say to the believing woman that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty...that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty...† SÃ… «rah 24:31 The autobiographical novel â€Å"Persepolis† depicts the early stages of its author, Marjane Satrapi’s life. 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Role of Intelligence in Formulating Strategy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Role of Intelligence in Formulating Strategy. Answer: Introduction Nowadays, business firms face a lot of problems in order to survive in todays more competitive business scenario. They use numerous effective strategies to accomplish goals related to their businesses. Along with this, business organizations also conduct marketing research to collect all the important data and information related to the product, price, and competitors as well. Small enterprises face more problems than big or MNCs. It is because of they are new in the market. They are not aware about the marketing tactics that are essential to earn profits and accomplish competitive advantages over the competitors. Moreover, competitor analysis and customer profitability analysis are valuable to improve the productivity and profitability of the business organization. Both, competitor and customer profitability analysis play numerous significant role in the growth and success of the businesses. This research paper is useful to illustrate the methods and strategies used by the small bus inesses to set reasonable prices for their products or services. Furthermore, this research paper is also advantageous to illustrate the strategies and tactics used by the business firms in order to conduct competitor analysis and customer profitability analysis for the growth of businesses in the national and international market as well. Relevant Literature Prior Studies Being in the hospitality industry, the chosen business needs to ensure they are conducting regular competitor analysis. Current literature has found that competitor analysis is essential to the strategic management process. Scholarly researchers have found that most businesses adequately audit their internal environment, but that many lack the methodology to properly and accurately assess the external environment (Herring, 1996). Current literature regarding competitor analysis in small business has found there are a number of businesses that lack a formal process for collecting, assimilating and converting information regarding their competition into knowledge and intelligence. Competitive intelligence has been found to be an effective strategic management process. Research has found that in the past, most small businesses do not realise the benefits that can be obtained from competitive intelligence (Narayanan, Pinches, Kelm, Lander, 2000). The findings of a recent study found tha t small businesses are not concerned with gathering intelligence on competitors because of satisfaction with current intelligence (Groom David, 2001).The research found that there was managerial implications that focused on the development of competitive intelligence systems. This is something the chosen small business should consider when analysing their competitors in the future. The chosen small business uses target costing to set their prices under the impression that target pricing gives a long term view of their profit margin and the ability to cope with market changes (Ong, 1981). Current literature has recognised customer value?based pricing as superior to all other pricing strategies (Ingenbleek, 2003). The increasing endorsement of customer value?based strategies among academics and practitioners is based on a general recognition that the keys to sustained profitability lie in the essential features of customer value?based pricing (Hinterhuber, 2008). There is a large number of benefits of customer value-based pricing approaches, however a recent study has found that over eighty percent of companies continue to price their products and services on the basis of cost and competitive price levels (Hinterhuber, 2008). Literature has found that this is due to the difficulties surrounding communicating with customers and perhaps this is the reason why the c hosen small business has avoided customer value-based costing. Information on the small business Chosen small business is established in 2015 with sole trader form of business.The nature of operation is service in the food industry which is selling food and drinks. The chosen business sell combination of Malaysia, Thai, Korean, Italian, and Australian cuisine. The drinks menus are specialised with their own recipe. They are doing table service to reduce uncomfortable of customers and provide better quality of service. When it started its business, the employee was 5 people but now it increased to 9 people. The reason why we choose this business as subject of our report is the opportunity, strength and its managing style of business. We practiced primary and secondary sources to collect data. The primary sources are practiced to collect in-depth data which can not get from secondary sources. To supplement data, interview was practiced with 15 minutes long. The interview was practiced during chosen businesss break time to avoid damage from disturbing their business. Also, we visited competitors to collect data to practice further analysis. The data which is can not gathered from secondary sources are recorded with photo. The photographs are taken under agreements of the business. Furthermore, the secondary sources are practiced to collect background information and support our analysis.We gathered basic information of chosen business and other businesses through online sources such as Instagram, Face book and its online website to figure out its pricing decisions, customer profitability and competitor analysis. Journal articles are referred to support our assertions in academic purposes and get guidelines from previous researches. Competitor analysis Mostly satisfying requirements choose the top 3 competitors to compare with chosen business. The competitor must to have similar products or substitute for, and located in the same geographic area. The in-depth competitive analysis provided an understanding of how chosen businesss existing and potential customers rate the competitors (Jacobi, G 1992). Through competitive analysiswe recognize its strength, weakness, opportunity and treat. The chosen business can determine its competitive position with this information. Chosen small business Strength -Open till late -Variety options of menus -Different style of cuisine (Malaysian Thai-focused on demands of Asian food) -Location (located in heart of dormitory village) -Signature drinks menu -Using famous coffee beans -Coupons (1free coffee when you have 10 stamps) -Fully licenced -One hour free parking lots - Warm and cosy atmosphere Weakness - 2 hours break - Opening time is later than others -Advertising (no inflow from outside) Only focused on UC Students or Staffs Minimum amount for transaction -Unstable ( -Can not handle lots of individual order -Do not provide catering service -Lack of number of employee (when 1person cannot work it hard to find the other person who can substitute -Lack of information about customer Opportunity - Number of students are increasing -New dormitories are open -Increased interest in Asian food -increasing number of customers during exam and assignment period -Increasing number of international student Treat -New residences in the outside of dormitory village -New entrants -Break terms of university are almost 5 months in one year (can not secure customers) Accordingto competitor analysis we recognised that chosen small business and its competitors having similar opportunities and treats because of geographic reasons and limitation of market. However, the chosen business show that it has better opportunities to attract customer. Competitor A Competitor B Competitor C Strength -Optional coffee beans -Franchise -Biggest size -Australian cuisine -Inside and outside seats are covered -Take away focused -The size of drinks is bigger than others -Located in heart of market -Oldest cafin market -Cheapest price -Indoor and outdoor seats are available Weakness -Unable to get sunshine (cold-outdoor heaters are not available) -Only inside seats are available -Finger food only -Smallest size -Inside seats are small Opportunity -The number of students are increasing (Has possibility to secure new customers Treat -New entrants -Locational (customers are limited to UC Students) Hard to secure customer from outside of UC Customer profitability. According to McCartan-Quinn and Carson (2003), in small business, direct interaction and close approach to customer and market is one way to achieve benefit, which is the significant difference from large business. Fortunately, the chosen business was conducting research about customer profitability, which indicates that the chosen business had been noticing the importance of the interaction with customer and market. On the basis of customer profitability, they are focusing on managing and creating customer loyalty by coupon, interior design that creates a relaxed mood, differentiated menu and so on. In detail, several ways the chosen business is operating to achieve customer profitability will be mentioned. Firstly, they provide loyalty coupon that gives free coffee if a customer buys nine cups of coffee, which attract customer to visit and purchase their product. Secondly, they are trying to remember the face and preference of customer to create a friendly relationship with the reg ular customer. Thirdly, the chosen business offers a variety range of drink and meal menu to break from the unified menu that their competitors provide. Furthermore, at the same time, their differentiated menu satisfies the high interest and demand for Asian food and beverage, which is the crucial finding from the research about the customer and the market. Fourthly, creating a relaxed and friendly atmosphere is highlighted to give a positive impression. In the same sense, they play songs and offer table service. As a small business, customer profitability is achieved more easily than a large business with their flexible and decentralized business structure, which allow them to reflect the customers need and to cope with their competitors moves (Pelham, 2000). The table below shows the actual price of the chosen business and their competitors. Chosen business Competitor A Competitor B Competitor C Coffee Size Small Large Small Medium Large Small Medium Large Small Large Coffee Price range $3.5 $4.0 $3.5 $4.0 $4.5 $3.5 $4.0 $4.5 $3.5 $4.0 Extra charge(extra shot, syrup, milk) No extra charge $0.5 $0.8 $0.5 Lunch price range $12-17 $6.5-16 No food menu $7-12 Dinner price range $12-39 $12-21.9 $11-18 As the table shows, the price range of coffee is narrow than the range of the competitor A and B, which can be adrawback for the customer who wants various choice ofcoffee size. However, the actual amount of coffee is larger than the competitors product. For example, small cups of coffee from the chosen business is bigger than any other competitors small size coffee and the amount is even similar to the medium size coffee of competitor A and B. Accordingly, the coffee of the chosen business has more value for the price. Furthermore, the customers who order extra shot, syrup and milk are able to save money as the chosen business doesnt charge for the extra order. The chosen business sets their meal price ranges for lunch from $12 to $17 and for dinner from $12 to $39, which are expensive than their competitors price. However, the chosen business offers a large amount of food so that customer can share one dish with their companion. The chosen business used target pricing approach to s et price more effectively than their competitors, because the target pricing gives long term view of the gross profit margin and able to cope with dynamic changes in the market, futhermore, the business can differentiate themselves from their competitors in the long term context (Ong, 1981). To achieve target pricing, the chosen business have 2 hours break to reduce wage cost and also using pre-cookedfood so that they can reduce cooking time and serve more customer at the same time. Conclusion On the premises of the above analysis, it can be concluded that, business firms make a ot of struggles to survive in the marketplce. Small business organizations develop effective strategies to enhane the productivity and profitability of businesses. Along with this, it is observed that, small businesses use differnent stratgies to set prices to their products or services. They collect informantion relted to the competitors price strtaegies. They make use of the Internet and social media sites incuding Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkdeIn, etc. to know the views and opinions of the custmers. Moreover, it is also exmined that, business firms conduct SWOT (Strengthes, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis to perform a competitor analysis in an effectual and an appropriate manner. SWOT analysis provide all the strengthes and weaknesses of the competiotrs; and also shows the opportunities and threats exist in the marketplace. Apart from this, it is viewed that, to undertake cust omer profitability analysis, business firms make direct interaction with customers. They offers uniue products/services to the customers at lower prices and also take care about the tastes and preferences of their customers. On the whole, it can be said that, small businesses do thieir best to retain existing customers and to attract new customers for the growth of their businesses. Reference Jacobi, G 1992, Financial Tools for Competitive Analysis, Competitive intelligence Review, vol.3, no. 2, pp. 14-18. McCartan-Quinn, D. Carson, D. 2003, "Issues Which Impact upon Marketing in the Small Firm", Small Business Economics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 201-213. Ong, N. 1981, "Target Pricing, Competition, and Growth", Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 101-116. Pelham, AM 2000, 'Market Orientation and Other Potential Influences on Performance in Small and Medium-Sized Manufacturing Firms', Journal Of Small Business Management, 38, 1, pp. 48-67. Groom, J.R. and David, F.R., 2001. Competitive intelligence activity among small firms.SAM Advanced Management Journal,66(1), p.12. Narayanan, V. K., Pinches, G. E., Kelm, K. M., Lander, D. M. (2000, July). The influence of voluntarily disclosed qualitative information. Strategic Management Journal, 21(7), 9-18 Herring, J. (1992, September-October). The role of intelligence in formulating strategy. Journal of Business Strategy, 13(6), 54. Hinterhuber, Andreas (2008) "Customer value?based pricing strategies: why companies resist",Journal of Business Strategy, Vol. 29 Issue: 4, pp.41-50 Ingenbleek, P.,Debruyne, M.,Frambach, R.andVerhallen, T.(2003), Successful new product pricing practices: a contingency approach,Marketing Letters, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp.289?305

Indian Trade Liberalization Essays - Indian Independence Movement

Indian Trade Liberalization The Liberalization of India According to Eichenberg in his lecture on February 2, 2000, liberal international relations theory suggests that the key to peace is through the promotion of free trade and the institution of democratic principles. In late 1991, with the transfer of the Indian Parliament into the hands of political and economic reformers, despite much opposition, India began its quest towards liberalization. The reform implemented freer trade in the largest democracy in the world. Facets of the Reformed Policy Since Indias independence from British control in 1947 until Rao took office, Indian foreign policy can be characterized as fairly isolationist. During the Cold War period India retained a policy of nonalignment. It was uncommitted to either the West or the East and stuck to swadeshi ideology adopted. Swadeshi simply means India first, and is an extremely nationalistic ideology that advocates self-sufficiency. Just under a decade ago, Indian foreign policy has taking significant strides towards liberalization. Since Prime Minister Narasimha Rao assumed his position as the head of this state in economic shambles, India has undergone significant reform in its domestic and foreign economic policy. Raos administration implemented major changes in banking, interest rates, and the ability to fully convert rupees (Indias currency) in trade transactions. But most importantly, towards the end of 1991, Rao opened Indias doors to foreign investment. The reforms in 1991 were simply necessary. As Clive Crook reported in The Economist at the time, the new government attempted to restructure the ever-proliferating bureaucracy and the license raj. This reshaping dismantled the barriers for foreigners to enter into the Indian markets. Such barriers included series of permits and licenses granted only by members of the Indian Parliament or high-ranking bureaucrats. These complicated and inefficient policies turned away potential foreign investors and, therefore, hurt the Indian economy. As part of the reform plan, Rao implemented revolutionary changes. According to the Asian Survey by Nalini Kant Jha, Rao limited the equity participation to 40% and removed the provision for the necessity of local control of industry. India also turned into favoring export-led growth; therefore, it removed restrictions on foreign trade and significantly reduced customs duties and tariffs on imports. Advancement Towards Liberalism Ever since the legitimacy of its government, India has remained the largest democracy in the international environment. It is a democracy with numerous political parties and strong coalition governments. As a result of the policy reforms in 1991, India has moved into a new era, an era of liberalization. Firstly, Indias democracy is much different than the government of any other third world nation in existence today. Much of public policy is actually influenced by the public. Political parties and public activists play a major role in the creation and sustenance of governmental political and economic policies. According to Amartya Sen in his work entitled, India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity, The democratic framework of the Indian polity permits this exercise (of public influence) in ways that are not open in many other developing economies. As a result, the major political actors in Indias international relations have been and remain the constituents of the democratic state. Secondly, Indias new economic policy of freer trade is leading the country to better relations with western nations, such as the United States. The Indo-U.S. relations prior to this new liberal era have been quite sour. This tension existed due to the nonalignment policy of India during the Cold War Era and the swadeshi temperament of the Indian Parliament during that time. When Rao took office in 1991, he sought to mend the relationship through liberal ideology. His plan was to increase trade between the worlds two largest democracies and, as a result, turn the existing tension into mutually beneficial alliance. In 1994, Prime Minister Rao and Finance Minister Manmohan Singh (architect of the economic reform), visited Washington DC. This strategic visit attempted to relieve tension between the two states. During their stay in the United States, Rao and Singh met with many American businesspeople and made agreements to increase approved U.S. investment in India from $2 billion to between $20 and $25 billion in the following few years. During the 1990s, there has been a continual increase of foreign investment in India by many nations. As a

Free Essays on Raymond Carvers The Neighbors

Critical Essay Raymond Carver’s 1988 short story â€Å"Neighbors† displays a sure administration of theme, character, and setting. It is the tale of a seemingly typical couple, Bill and Arlene Miller, who intermittently turn the apartment of their out-of-town neighbors, the Stones, into a psychosexual playground. Insidiously at first, then with unrestraint, the house-sitters invade the Stones’ privacy: cross-dressing in their clothes, consuming drinks from their liquor cabinet, and extricating photographs that promise tantalizing thrills. Impassioned, the Millers’ make what promises to be a compelling visit to the Stones’ apartment – only to discover that Arlene has locked the key inside. Abruptly restricted from their fallen rapture, the couple huddles outside the door, feeling an ailing wind. In the exposition, Bill and Arlene are portrayed as an average married couple, living their normal everyday lives. They do not appear to have any complaints about how their lives are operating except for the fact that they â€Å"had been passed by somehow, leaving Bill to attend to his bookkeeping duties and Arlene occupied with secretarial chores† (59). The Millers’ are envious of other couples that seem to exist synonymously with them but still have a little more recreation in their relationships. By asking the couple to house-sit, the Stones’ open a new realm of fantasy for the Millers’ predictable lives by allowing them to envision themselves as characters that are different than what they have grown to be. Bill becomes deeply involved with this illusion, finding himself obsessed with the other apartment. He calls out of work and goes for a walk but does not feel adequate until he stops â€Å"at the Stones’ door on the chance he might he ar the cat moving about† (60). This depicts that he has become so infatuated with his secret life that he becomes almost climactic over the smallest details. The neighborsï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Raymond Carvers The Neighbors Free Essays on Raymond Carvers The Neighbors Critical Essay Raymond Carver’s 1988 short story â€Å"Neighbors† displays a sure administration of theme, character, and setting. It is the tale of a seemingly typical couple, Bill and Arlene Miller, who intermittently turn the apartment of their out-of-town neighbors, the Stones, into a psychosexual playground. Insidiously at first, then with unrestraint, the house-sitters invade the Stones’ privacy: cross-dressing in their clothes, consuming drinks from their liquor cabinet, and extricating photographs that promise tantalizing thrills. Impassioned, the Millers’ make what promises to be a compelling visit to the Stones’ apartment – only to discover that Arlene has locked the key inside. Abruptly restricted from their fallen rapture, the couple huddles outside the door, feeling an ailing wind. In the exposition, Bill and Arlene are portrayed as an average married couple, living their normal everyday lives. They do not appear to have any complaints about how their lives are operating except for the fact that they â€Å"had been passed by somehow, leaving Bill to attend to his bookkeeping duties and Arlene occupied with secretarial chores† (59). The Millers’ are envious of other couples that seem to exist synonymously with them but still have a little more recreation in their relationships. By asking the couple to house-sit, the Stones’ open a new realm of fantasy for the Millers’ predictable lives by allowing them to envision themselves as characters that are different than what they have grown to be. Bill becomes deeply involved with this illusion, finding himself obsessed with the other apartment. He calls out of work and goes for a walk but does not feel adequate until he stops â€Å"at the Stones’ door on the chance he might he ar the cat moving about† (60). This depicts that he has become so infatuated with his secret life that he becomes almost climactic over the smallest details. The neighborsï ¿ ½...

What effect did the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening have on life Essay

What effect did the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening have on life in British North America - Essay Example The natives were also very much concerned with their beliefs, authority of their tribal chiefs, the traditional responsibilities for an individual’s clan and their close relationship with the nature (Demos, 4). The English were trying to bring these natives from â€Å"darkness of heathenism† to Protestant Christianity, which could fill the savagery lives of these natives with bright light of English â€Å"civility†. However the transformation in the form of an awakening did not happen overnight. The English started to build villages, started plantation, trees were cut down and sawed to build houses, barns, furnishings, etc. They also built special places called â€Å"praying towns† for the inhabitants who converted to Protestants. But the British faced many natural hindrances like winter cold, crop blights, droughts and storms. Then there were epidemic diseases like small pox, measles, respiratory illnesses and typhus, which were brought by the European colonizers themselves also acted as crippling influence to their plans for creating a new civilization. It also created demographic losses and complications brewed up with ethnic, linguistic and religious differences. (Demos, 3) After much struggle when they finally built the colony, during the late 17th and 18th centuries, different cities of colonial America played a pivotal role as many of them were seaports and it enabled the Enlightenment movement of Europe to reach American soil.... The theory of Rational Christianity also emerged during this period. This Enlightenment process reached the American colonists a century later and during the late 1700 and early 1800 century the American colonists saw a key change. The British colonies were liberal in their outlook in dealing with different intellectual and religious challenges. During this period America saw many spiritual and religious revitalizations. It also challenged the divine right and role of religion. It enabled the American colonists to challenge the King as well as the divine right. This helped to raise common views between the North and South and this belief was preached across the races through North and South of the colonial America. It also stated that slavery is similar to sin. The people began to develop belief in themselves and the importance of the church and the clergymen diminished. Changes were observed with respect to the reducing significance of the sects. (The Great Awakening And Enlightenme nt In Colonial America). The period saw a growth in literacy and witnessed an increase in number of colleges. The impact of the Great Awakening in colonial America led to creation of many new colleges in order to educate â€Å"new light† ministers like – Princeton, Rutgers, Brown, etc. This enabled to create a rift between believes of the thinkers and it resulted in formation of two cults namely, â€Å"old lights† who believed in rational process and â€Å"new lights† who focused on the experience gathered from life. These religious challenges also strengthened political challenges to the authorities (CHAPTER FIVE: THE CULTURES OF COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA, 1700—1780). Many soldiers those who took part in the revolutionary war were â€Å"new light†

Choosing successful industry in Saudi Arabia Assignment

Choosing successful industry in Saudi Arabia - Assignment Example The equipments extracted petroleum from within Saudi Arabia’s territory. Consequently, the Saudi Government hired employees from the other countries. The Saudi government targeted employees from countries plagued with high unemployment rates. The countries include India, and other Asian countries. As expected, huge groups of job applicants flocked into Saudi Arabia to get high paying petroleum industry jobs (Kane 2). Employees of the petroleum companies enjoy comfortable working conditions in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia’s labor law article 146 and article 147 clearly requires the employer to exert extra efforts to comply with the benefits prescribed in the Saudi Arable labor law. The benefits include housing, camping, suitable healthcare facilities, and free meals. The schools are set up in order to fill the school needs of the petroleum workers and the school needs of the children. Saudi Arabia hires laborers to extract and export the Saudi Petroleum products. The oil field employees include low skilled oil labors. In addition, the Saudi Government hires engineers who will ensure smooth oil production (Kane 14). Knowledge resources. Saudi Arabia hired the expertise of engineers from other countries to help ensure smooth petroleum productions. With the expertise of the Saudi ARAMCO engineers and other labor employees, Saudi ARAMCO continues to successfully extract petroleum from within Saudi Arabia’s borders. Similarly, the expertise of the Saudi ARAMCO engineers and experienced petroleum employees contributed to the successful export of the country’s petroleum products to other countries (Wynbrandt 200). Saudi Arabia hired the petroleum research knowledge expertise of the United States firm, Standard Oil Company of California (SOCAL) to find petroleum. Consequently, the hired American company discovered oil in Saudi Arabia in 1932 in Bahrain. An entity, Iraq Petroleum Company, was formed that included

African Socialism: Analysis of Ujamaa

African Socialism: Analysis of Ujamaa MAJOR THEMES IN AFRICAN POLITICAL THOUGHT LECTURER: FRED OTIENO STUDENT: CHRIS MUGO NDIRANGU QUESTION What is African Socialism (Ujamaa)? Citing concrete examples from around Africa, examine why this ideology has faced immense opposition. INTRODUCTION African Socialism is an ideology that can be traced to the 1950s and 1960s when most African countries were attaining their independence. The ideology was propounded by African leaders in independent Africa who sought to ground their states in this ideology they believed would achieve the goals and aspirations of independence. The proponents of the ideology sought to differentiate it from other forms of socialism that existed across the world at the time, particularly Marxist-Leninist strands of socialism. African socialism can therefore be defined as a belief in sharing of economic resources in a traditional African way. It is however prudent to accept that the interpretations and definitions of African socialism differ as it is not the brainchild of a single thinker. According to Freidland (1964) : African Socialism differs in that no single leader has been distinctively and uniquely associated with the ideology. Rather the ideology of African Socialism has been the product of diverse leaders operating within the variety of exigencies in their own countries, which helps to account for the lack of development of a unified theory. (p. 2) African socialism can be said to be an indigenous attempt by various African leaders to develop a distinctive â€Å"African† path of economic and political development. It advocates for a return to traditional African values practiced before colonization. As mentioned above African socialism is a product of different leaders. Therefore to understand African socialism we must study the leaders and their works which collectively contributed to this ideology. These leaders implemented this ideology in their respective countries. Some were successful while others were not. The ideology as will be explained in this paper faced immense opposition hindering its full adoption. CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICAN SOCIALISM Though the African Socialist leaders had their own distinct views on African socialism various characteristics of African socialism can be drawn. According to Martin (19) the socialist leaders’ conception of African socialism had the following common characteristics: Ideology and practice are inextricably linked Politics has supremacy over the economy Socialism is not a sacred dogma but a guide to action African socialism is a socialism building on and adapted to African indigenous values, culture, traditions and society The people are the main agents and ultimate beneficiaries of socialist development African socialism aims at creating ‘a new man’ The single party operates according to the Marxist-Leninist principle of Democratic Centralism, which institutionalizes communication between the leadership and the rank-and-file of the party, with ultimate decision-making power resting with the highest executive organ of the party. Collective decision making is based on collective deliberation and consensus State has control over the economy Furthermore (Batsa, 1965) has summarised some six basic characteristics of African Socialism: It ignores the power of monopoly capital. It accepts the mixed economy as a permanent feature of socialism. It denies the existence of classes in Africa and advances the idea of the neutral state. It advocates a multi-party system where possible, or a single party open to all, irrespective of beliefs, with a specific denial of any vanguard role The African element of the theory consists of a romantic interpretation of our traditional morals and culture Positive non-alignment is treated as neutrality Several African countries on attaining independence sought to establish declarations or policy documents that sought to clearly stipulate the ideology they adopted. In the context of African socialism, very few countries had clear and concrete policy documents on African socialism. Notable among these countries is Kenya and Tanzania that formulated policies or declarations with regards to African Socialism. Tanzania in 1967 formulated the Arusha Declaration a document written by socialist leader Julius Nyerere for the ruling party the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). In this declaration it is clearly stated that ‘The policy of TANU is to build a socialist state’. It further goes on to lay down certain socialist principles it seeks to implement in Tanganyika. In Part two of the document lay The Policy of Socialism. The fist element in this policy is absence of exploitation. The declaration states that in a socialist state all people are workers and in which neither capitalism nor feudalism exists. It believes in a classless society where there is no one exploits another. Every worker receives a just return for their labour. However the declaration points out the fact that Tanzania still has elements of feudalism and capitalism that are remnants of colonialism. The second element is that the major means of production and exchange are under the control of the peasants and workers. The declaration stipulates that this should be done through the machinery of their Government and their co-operatives. The third element is the existence of democracy. This element requires that the government should be chosen and led by the peasants and workers themselves. Finally is that socialism is a belief. The declaration states that socialism is a way of life. A socialist society can only come into existence if i t is built by those who believe in and practice the principles of socialism. The declaration believes that the successful implementation of socialist objectives depends very much up to the leaders. On the other hand Kenya in 1965 produced a sessional paper which outlines in detail both the theory of democratic African Socialism and its practical application in Kenya. The president in introducing this paper states that, ‘we rejected both Western Capitalism and Eastern Communism and chose for ourselves a policy of positive non-alignment.’’ Thus the Kenyan government fully adopted the African socialism philosophy. The sessional paper goes on to outline the operating characteristics of African socialism. They are: Political democracy Mutual social economic responsibility Various forms of ownership A range of controls to ensure that property is used in the mutual interests of society and its members Diffusion of ownership to avoid concentration of economic power Progressive taxes to ensure an equitable distribution of wealth and income The above characteristics are evident in the various works of the African Socialist leaders. The understanding of their concept of African socialism is enhanced by looking critically at the individual African socialist leaders and their ideas and perception of African socialism. AFRICAN SOCIALIST LEADERS JULIUS NYERERE Julius Nyerere was the founding father of Tanganyika and later on Tanzania. He comes up with his own form of socialism known as Ujamaa a Swahili term for family hood and brotherhood. Ujamaa become the official policy of Tanzania in 1967 following the Arusha Declaration. According to Nyerere socialism is an attitude of mind and not strict compliance to a standard or set political pattern (Nyerere, 1977) . Nyerere emphasised on brotherhood or family hood where people view each other as brothers and sisters or as members of one family. Nyerere argues that social institutions and organisations cannot by themselves achieve the purpose of socialism. These institutions can only do so if they are infused with the spirit of brotherhood and care for one another. Nyerere believed that Ujamaa differed from other strands of socialism in that the foundation of the philosophy was to be found in African culture and traditions. Furthermore Ujamaa was opposed to capitalism and scientific socialism or Marxism which legitimizes class conflicts. Nyerere went further to elaborate on the practices of Ujamaa. The first is love where an African doesn’t regard his brethren as another enemy. An African regards all men as his brethren as members of his extended family. People in African Societies cared for one another. Secondly, Nyerere argues that their existed a classless society in Africa. Classes were only brought as a result of the agrarian and industrial revolution. These events produced conditions that brought about a class system. Since these revolutions did not occur in Africa, therefore no classes existed in Africa. Thirdly Nyerere believed that in traditional Africa everyone was a worker. Everyone contributed his or her fair share of efforts towards the production of societal wealth. There was no place for laxity or laziness. Finally Nyerere maintained that wealth was shared in traditional Africa. No one could hide wealth or amass it for personal selfish reasons. The riches or the poverty of an individual or famil y were the wealth or poverty of the whole community at large. KWAME NKRUMAH Kwame Nkrumah’s ideas on African socialism were different from those of Julius Nyerere. Indeed the two showed criticised each other on their perceptions of African socialism. Nkrumah in his own admission subscribed to scientific socialism and described it as the only true socialism. According to (Martin, 2012) Nkrumah viewed African socialism as a means of not only liberating the people from the shackles of imperialism but also empowering the people politically, economically, socially and culturally after independence. Nkrumah believed that the following were the tenents of African socialism; Common ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange Planned methods of production by the state, based on modern industry and agriculture Political power in the hands of the people in keeping with the humanist and egalitarian spirit which characterized African traditional society Application of scientific methods in all spheres of thought and production AHMED SEKOU TOURE Toure’s concept and ideas on African socialism was similar to that of Nkrumah. The two had a strong friendship that was evident when he granted Nkrumah asylum when he was overthrown by a military coup in 1966. Toure led an authoritarian regime in Guinea that was strongly oppressive. He arrested over a thousand people who simply opposed his regime. Prominent intellectuals and cadres were jailed, tortured and executed. Sekou Toure’s was more grounded in the Marxist-Leninist education as compared to Nkrumah. He had a great interest in the writings of Mao Tse-tung as well as other Marxist philosophers. Initially during the first decade of his rule, he refused to launch the country into clear path to socialism. He downplayed the role of ideology in the construction of a new society. He adamantly refused to choose between capitalism and socialism. He argued that certain strange theories had little to do with the crucial tasks facing the country. However during the Eighth National Congress of the PDG (the ruling party of Guinea) in 1967, Sekou Toure officially launched Guinea on to a path to socialism. Sekou Toure prescribed to scientific socialism from which he derives the meaning of socialism from. That is socialism is expressed by the effective exercise of political, economic and cultural power by the working people. Toure however was for a socialist ideology adapted to African realities. He preferred the term â€Å"communaucratic’’ instead of African socialism. He believed that African life is communal characterized by collective life and social solidarity. An Afric an cannot organize his life outside that of his social group-family, village or clan. Finally Toure believes in the supremacy of politics over the economy. In this regard he was heavily influenced by the Marxist-Leninist ideology on the roles of the state and the party in the creation of institutions designed to translate socialist ideas into practice (Martin, 2012). Toure believed that the ruling party was the definer of the general interest, the custodian of the popular will and the incarnation of the collective thought of the whole Guinean people. The basic aim of Toure’s socialism is alter the relationship between human beings. This is done by decolonizing their viewpoints and attitudes and by creating a new man freed from a system of capitalistic exploitation and participating with all his strength in the development of his nation. MODIBO KEITA He was the first president of Mali. He led the Nation on a path to socialism, both politically and economically. In 1960 the countries single party, the Union Soudanaise RDA (US-RDA) decided to set the country on a socialist path to development. Keita’s priority was to build a new society aimed at the political, economic, social and cultural empowerment of Mali’s popular masses. Keita firmly believed that a type of socialism adapted to the conditions of Mali would be the best tool to achieve this goal. Mali’s socialism was characterized by the following features; A socialism based on agricultural workers and peasants rather than on a nonexistent proletariat A vibrant private sector encouraged to contribute to national development Respect of the Malian spiritual and religious values Modibo Keita argued that socialism cannot be adopted wholesale; it must be adapted to the specific socio-cultural context of Mali. Keita elaborated that Africa has its own values, its own history. Africa thus can solve its own problems within the African context using African methods. Malian socialism was also grounded in universal human values. Keita argued that socialism cannot be reduced to purely economic or social concerns. Its goal is man itself in its material, moral, spiritual and cultural dimensions. The African man must be open to all kinds of experiments. Keita considered socialist planning necessary to achieve the primary goal of improving the living conditions of the majority of the people, which in Mali were the peasants. He focused on the development of agriculture through an elaborate network of rural cooperatives, down to the village level. Keita also embarked on the complete overhaul of Mali’s educational system to be consistent with Mali’s rich cultural heritage. The above leaders contributed significantly to African socialism. They sought to implement their socialist ideas and concepts in their countries. Some were successful to some extent while others failed. Case in point is Kwame Nkrumah who was overthrown in a military coup. OPPOSITION TO AFRICAN SOCIALISM African socialism as an ideology faced immense opposition as an ideology. This is because of the various cons associated with the ideology. These disadvantages or flaws in the ideology brew dislike for the ideology preventing its adoption or implementation. African socialism faced opposition due to the following. First it is an unreal theory which cannot be implemented as it is. Most of the socialist principles were borrowed from the Marxist-Leninist school of thought. The socialist ideology is not adopted in the same way it was advocated by Marx and other socialist thinkers. Secondly and closely related to the first is improper implementation. African socialism faced rejection due to improper implementation. Few people were in charge of wealth distribution and formulation of policies such as taxation. Thus the notion that the masses or the people have control over the nation’s wealth is a fallacy. Thirdly is that African socialism is economically inefficient. The lack of a self regulating labour market, private ownership of capital and a free financial market affects the economy negatively. Entrepreneurs and foreign investors are discouraged from investing in the economy. This leaves a country economically underdeveloped. This is the case with most socialist countries. Another pitfall of African socialism is no real increase in standard of living. African socialism does not raise the standards of living but lowers it instead. This is because the income of the rich is reduced making them fall closer to the level of the poor. It only reduces the gap between the rich and the poor but does not improve the standards of living in the society. Lastly is that socialism promotes laziness and incompetence among members of society. This is because of the social security system in socialist states that takes care of those with no income. Such provisions by the government deter people from working hard to earn their livelihood. This equally affects the hard working members who feel dissatisfied as they are not rewarded for their toil. Their toil goes to taking care of those who don’t work. Such a system impacts productivity and hence economic growth negatively. REFERENCES Batsa, K. (1965). African Socialism. The Labour Monthly , 514-517. Martin, G. (2012). African Political Thought. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Nyerere, J. K. (1977). Ujamaa-Essays on Socialism. USA: Oxford University Press. William H. Friedland, C. G. (1964). African Socialism. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Page | 1

Inner Evil :: essays research papers fc

We all have a darkness inside of us that is unleashed at different times in our lives. It can come out when we are jealous, angry, or just harassing someone. In the novel, A Separate Peace by Robert Knowles, Gene, the main character, is affected by a few evils inside a person and he also releases his own evil. Three characters from the novel, Quackenbush, Brinker, and Gene, all have darkness inside of them that they let come out in different ways. The first character from A Separate Peace that lets his evil out is Quackenbush. Quackenbush is the head of the crew team at Devon School. He is always teased and harassed by the other students and consequently, Quackenbush has low self-esteem. He feels that by making fun of Gene, unleashing his inner darkness, that it will make him feel better. For the time being it makes him feel big and important. The first incident is when Gene starts as the Assistant Crew Manager and Quackenbush is above him. â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Get some towels’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢How many?’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢As many as you can carry. That won’t be too many.’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (69). Quackenbush hurts Gene another time too. After making fun of Gene, Gene remarks, â€Å"†¦You, Quackenbush, don’t know anything about who I am†¦Listen you maimed son-of-a-bitch†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (71). Then a fistfight breaks out between the two. Quackenbush doesn’t like when Gene stands up for hims elf, he cannot stand it. He wants to hurt Gene because he can tell by taking the position of Assistant Crew Manager that Gene has low self-esteem. Quackenbush lets out his inner darkness at Gene because he wants to feel momentous; he wants to feel important and that is one way that someone in this novel lets out their inner depravity. The second character I have chosen is Brinker. Brinker, who is the popular politician at Devon School, is very jealous of the friendship that Gene and Finny share. He says many things about the fall and how it happened to hurt Gene. â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢I’ll bet you knew all the time Finny wouldn’t be back this fall. That’s why you picked him as a roommate, right?’ [Brinker asks.]’What? No, of course not. How could I know a thing like that in advance?’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢You fixed it. You knew all the time, I bet it was all your doing.’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (79-80). Brinker was jealous of not only Gene and Finny’s friendship, but also Gene having a room all to himself.

Biography – Herman Von Fehling

Herman von Fehling was a German chemist, who developed Fehling’s solution which was used for estimations of sugar. The Fehling’s solution is a chemical test used to differentiate between water-soluble carbohydrates and ketone functional groups, and as a test for monosaccharide. When working with Fehling’s solution, Fehling took extra precautionary measurements when working in the laboratory. He created two separate solutions known as Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B.Fehling’s A is a blue solution of Copper II, Sulfate, while Fehling’s B is a clear solution of potassium, sodium, tartrate (Rhochelle Salt) and a strong alkali (Sodium hydroxide). The volumes of the two mixtures are mixed to get the final Fehling’s solution. In this mixture, the aqueous tartrate ions from the dissolved Rochelle salt ions from the dissolved Copper II sulfate, as bidentate ligands giving bistartratocuprate II. The tartarate ions, by completing copper, preve nt the formation of Cu(OH)2 from the reaction of CuSO42H2O and NaOH in the solution.Fehling’s solution is an oxidizing agent in the Bistartratocuprate II and the active reagent in the test. The compound being tested is added to Fehling’s solution and the mixture is heated. The aldehydes are oxideized, giving a positive result, but ketones do not reacte, unless they are alpha-hydroxy-ketones. The bistratratocuprate II is a complex oxidizes the aldehyde to the carboxylate anion, and in the process the copper II ions of the xomplex are reduced to Copper I ions.A negative result is the absence of the red precipitate; Fehling’s will NOT work with aromatic aldehydes; in that case Tollen’s reagent – a chermical reagent most commonly used to determine whether a known carbonyl contation compound is an aldehyde or a ketone, a positive test with Tollen’s reagent sults in elemental silver precipitation out of solution, occasionally outo the inner surfac e of the tube, productiona characteristic and memorable â€Å"silver mirror† on the inner serface – should be used.Fehling’s earlier work included investigations of succinic acid, spirit of amber (white, odorless solid – plays a role in citric acid cycle, an energy-yielding process) and the preparation of phenyl cyanide (benzonitrile – organic compound, with a sweet almond odor). After many scientific discoveries or investigations Fehling started to lean more towards technology and public health rather than chemistry.Fehling started to work with estimation of sugars (Fehling’s Solution) which was a solution of copper sulfate mixed with alkali and potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle Salt). Fehling was born June 25, 1812 and died July 1, 1885, Fehling attended Heidelberg University around 1835 with the intention of taking pharmacy when entering. After Graduation he went to Gieben as a preparateur to Justus von Liebig, whom he created the compo sition of paraldehyde and metdehyde.After his discover with Sugar he contributed into the writing of Graham-Otto Textbook of Chemistry & Handworterbuch with Friedrich Wholer and Johann Christian Poggendorff. Fehling became a member of the committee of the Pharmacopoeia Germanica and he was appointed to the chair of chemistry in the polytechnic in Stuttgart for 45 years. He died in Stuttgart in 1885.

The Country The Heart of it All - 736 Words

In Bless Me, Ultima, the beauty of the open prairie is an essential part of the book. The country setting adds to the primitivism and ignorance of people because their belief in witchcraft. The country, however, adds to spiritualism of the book because the magnificent prairie is open to many spiritual interpretations. Most importantly, the country functions as a guide for Antonio to discover who he is. The country setting adds to the ignorance of the people because most people believe in witchcraft. The book is set in Guadalupe, New Mexico towards the end of the Second World War. Most of the people in the town are uneducated, or have little value towards education. A good example of this would be Andrew. He has stated that â€Å"if there’s one thing I learned in the army, it’s that the guy with an education gets ahead† (pg.73). However, he never fulfilled his statement; Andrew dropped out of school shortly after Narciso died. While Antonio’s mom does want him to be a â€Å"man of learning,† she only wants him to learn enough to become a priest (pg.53). The lack of education is what leads to all the chaos in the town. People knew that â€Å"the war made [Lupito] sick,† but they didn’t know how to help him (pg.16). They ended up killing him because they thought he was evil and couldn’t be reasoned with. Likewise, witchcraft is treated like treason. â€Å"The rancher swore that he etched a cross on his bullet, and that proved that the old woman was a witch, and so he was let free, under theShow MoreRelatedThe Country: The Heart of It All925 Words   |  4 PagesBless Me, Ultima, the beauty of the open prairie is an essential part of the book. The country setting adds to the primitivism and ignorance of people because their belief in witchcraft. The country, however, adds to spiritualism of the book because the magnificent prairie is open to many spiritual interpretations. 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