John Wycliffe and the English Language Essays

John Wycliffe and the English Language Essays John Wycliffe and the English Language Essay John Wycliffe and the English Language Essay John Wycliffe was born in 1320 at Wycliffe in Yorkshire, educated and worked at Oxford, and died while at Mass on December 31, 1384.He is known as one of the first English reformers, a heresiarch of the Wycliffite (or Lollard) movement, and as one of the first translators of the Vulgate Bible into English, although his actual involvement in this latter project has been questioned (cf. Hudson).His work in the endeavors of â€Å"vernacular theology† (i.e.: the translation of Scripture and dissemination of theology in the English vernacular) served to raise the English language to a footing more on par with Latin and French within the sphere of religion.Margot Lawrence claimed that Wycliffe’s most profound influence on the history of language is the fact that he â€Å"[h]e did for Middle English prose what Chaucer did for poetry, making English a competitor with French and Latin; his sermons were written when London usage was coming together with t he East Midlands dialect, to form a standard language accessible to all† (O.C.E.L, 1135). While the grandiosity of such statements has been questioned, it has also been argued that current scholarship must acknowledge more completely the debt which present-day English owes Wycliffe (Aston,†Wycliffe,† 283.) In addition, to his contribution to an appreciation of the English vernacular, Wycliffe’s influence on the English language has been traced in the observed uniqueness of Lollard writings.Anne Hudson has set forth the preliminaries for an analysis of a possible separate Lollard vocabulary or idiom.She takes her cue from Henry Knighton, a contemporary hostile to Lollardy, who was recorded as noting a distinctive â€Å"eloquence† in Wycliffites.Hudson notes that in Wycliffite writings many instances are found where the semantic force of a word â€Å"appears to be, if not peculiar to Lollard texts, at least, characteristic of them† (Hudson., 170). It seems that a so

Integrity in Twelve Angry Men

Integrity in Twelve Angry Men Free Online Research Papers ‘Twelve Angry Men’ is a play, written in 1955 by Reginald Rose, that was later turned into a film. A young delinquent is being prosecuted for murdering his abusive father. The jury are to declare him guilty only if there is no reasonable doubt. 11 of the 12 men are unanimous in the decision that the boy is guilty, but one man feels that the evidence needs to be more carefully thought out before sending him to death. The twelve men sit in a hot room all day, with rising tempers and clashing personalities, and the juror who was once standing alone manages to convince all men to reverse their opinion. Throughout the play, the theme of integrity is developed, and Juror’s 3, 4 and 8 all contribute to the way that integrity is presented, through their actions and comments. Society has certain expectations when it comes to the jury. The jury is expected to make impartial decisions, based on facts alone, without any prejudices, outside influences or personal issues influencing their decision. As the play unfolds, we see a struggle between good and evil, a struggle against prejudices, racism, and a struggle for compassion. Whilst Juror 4 is basing his votes on logic and facts, and is voting fairly, Juror 3 is too caught up in his own personal issues to be fair, and keep calm. Juror 8’s honourable efforts are highly commendable, as, not only did he manage to save a boy’s life, but he stood alone, and stood for what he believed in, to uphold his life values and virtues. Juror 4 shows integrity and uprightness throughout the play, even though he is second last to switch his vote. This is possible because he bases his vote on the evidence given, without overshadowing it with prejudice, emotions, or other issues. He spells out the whole incidence, logically, using the evidence and facts that we’re provided in court, not getting caught up in any prejudices, but presenting the case clearly, logically and organised. He doesn’t think that this case is any reason to joke around, and makes this clear, saying, If you haven’t got anything to add besides jokes, I suggest you listen. He sticks to the facts, and gets on with business. He doesn’t think that a murder case is a place for jokes, and is willing to stand up to those who like to make a very serious circumstance into a joke. He furthers this point later on saying, Gentlemen, this case is based on a reasonable and logical progression of facts. Let’s keep it there. When h e is directly asked by Juror 8 how he can be so sure that the boy is guilty, and have no reasonable doubt, he is the only one that is able to clearly answer him. He based his answer on logic and facts, not influenced by prejudices. He was able to look at the evidence given by the woman and see that this is ‘unshakeable testimony’. But, when the 9th juror discovers a reasonable doubt as to why this may be false, he changes his vote. This change of vote proves to us that he is judging fairly. He is able to prove why he believes the boy is guilty, but when he is faced with reasonable doubt, all that is required to vote not guilty, he changes his vote, as he is being fair and judging with integrity. Juror 3’s actions, comments and attitude helped shape the way that the concept of integrity emerges throughout the play. He is a prime example of the opposite of integrity, especially in comparison to Juror 4 and Juror 8. Juror 3 makes himself known at the beginning of the play as a loud, obnoxious, rude and intimidating character. He believes the boy is guilty, but he is going against what is required of him as a juror, and basing his vote on his own personal issues with his son. He is comparing the boy to his own son, who he had a fight with, and hasn’t seen in two years. At the very end of the play, we see just how much he is basing his opinion on this, from the quote, That goddamn rotten kid. I know him. What they’re like Jeez, I can feel that knife goin’ in. It is part of the jury’s job to fairly judge the accused, and we see a huge lack of integrity from the third juror, by basing his vote on prejudices and irrelevant circumstances. The thir d juror is also very quick to judge and accuse. At the beginning of the play, during the secret ballot, when someone changes their vote, he is the first to falsely tear into juror 5 for changing his vote, even though juror 9 actually changed his vote. He yells at him, accusing him of listening to the ‘golden voiced preacher’ who is supposedly twisting all the evidence. We see no mercy from him, and after the 8th juror convinces 3 more juror’s to change their vote, he thinks everyone is going crazy, saying, I mean, everybody’s heart is starting to bleed for this punk little kid like the President just declared it â€Å"Love Your Underprivileged Brother Week† or something.// At the end of Act 1, we see Juror 3 become furious with the other juror’s for how they are not taking the facts at face value, but looking further into them. He compares Juror 8 with a preacher, with his ‘sanctimonious talk and wild stories’ and accuses the oth er juror’s of being illogical and emotional, instead of sticking to the facts. This accusation is quite hypocritical, as throughout the whole play, we have watched Juror 3’s emotions twist and turn. As the play unfolds, we watch Juror 3’s values differ from what is expected, and fail meet our expectations of upright judging. There were eleven votes for â€Å"guilty†. It’s not easy for me to raise my hand and send a boy off to die without talking about it first. Juror 8 does not know whether or not the boy is guilty or not, no one does, but, he doesn’t believe that the evidence is fool-proof enough to send the boy to death, and therefore, he shows integrity by voting Not Guilty, and standing alone, because he has a reasonable doubt. After the 9th Juror changes his vote in the secret ballot, he justifies his vote saying, Well, it’s not easy to stand alone against the ridicule of others. He gambled for support and I gave it to him. I respect his motives. The 9th juror respects what the 8th juror is doing, in trying to give the boy a chance. He sees integrity, in the 8th juror’s actions, and because of this, he changes his vote in the secret ballot. Juror 8 knows that a juror’s duty is to judge fairly and without outside influences, and that the boy must be declared guilty unless reasonable doubt is found. He is also aware that it’s very hard to keep personal prejudice out of a thing like this’, but he strives to act with honesty and integrity, and fairly judge the boy. He is against generalising the boys race, and declaring him guilty, simply because of his background, as juror 10 is eager to do, and he is willing to stand alone, in order to fight for what he believes in. He shows compassion for the boy, who has been ‘kicked around all his life’. Juror 8’s actions and comments help shape our understanding of integrity, and what it means in this context, throughout the play. The concept of integrity emerges throughout the play through Juror 8’s actions and comments, as he shows us an example of honesty and uprightness, showing compassion, and stopping his judgement from becoming clouded by irrelevant factors. Juror 4’s example of integrity is different to Juror 9’s, because although he doesn’t show the same kind of compassion that Juror 8 does, he still gives the boy a fair trial, and he bases his vote on what is expected of him- the facts and evidence alone. On the other hand, Juror 3 is a perfect example of the opposite of all Juror 4 and 8 stand for. He lets his own personal issues cloud the facts, and Juror 8’s actions and comments help shape our understanding of integrity, and what it means in this context, throughout the play. He allows his own personality to colour the facts that were representing the case, and voted in a way that pleased himself, instead of fairly and un-influenced. These three Juror’s, a nd their different personalities and values, contributed to the way that integrity was shaped throughout the play, through their actions and comments, and the way they interacted with each other. 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Particle Physics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Particle Physics - Essay Example Search for a complete or full particle physics model is still on and experts are exploring the options of either producing a completely new innovative theory or model or constructing an efficient model merging the relative gravity and the Standard Models. This search saw the emergence of a variety of new-age models beyond the Standard Model. However, merging these theories is not so simple as it sounds and there are some difficulties that need to be tackled (Green et. al., 1987). These models are build upon different basic assumptions and concepts and this is why one finds it difficult to merge such models. QFT depends on particle fields embedded in the flat space-time of special relativity whereas, General Relativity accounts gravity as a curvature within space-time that changes as mass moves (Zee A., 2003). The simple option of merging these two theories considering gravity as another particle field seems to end up creating the so-called renormalization problem. As per the traditional understanding, gravity particles would attract each other and add up all the interactions resulting in many infinite values which cannot be easily cancelled out by methematical interventions (Linde, 1990), thereby ruling out the possibility of getting any sensible or finite results or values. This outcome is in contrast with quantum electrodynamics where, the addition of the interactions results in comparatively lesser infinite values which can be removed or cancelled out via renormalization (Banks, 1985). The long-range forces like the electromagnetic and gravity forces are believed to be meditated by massless particles with spin j 1 and as such, proper description of such massless particles in quantum field theory (QFT) is very important (Aitchison & Hey, 1989). This directionally brings in the fascinating approach of emergent gravity indicating that gravity may not be a component of fundamental physics. However, this concept of emergent gravity theory has been branded to be a misguided one by Steven Weinberg and Edward Witten (See, Jackson & Okun, 2001). Gravity was speculated to be an emergent phenemonon during the 1980s and supporting this, many theories like the 'Preon theories', Technicolor theories', etc. went on to regard that gluons might be composite. Noticing this, Weinberg & Witten came out with a 'no-go theorem' called the 'Weinberg-Witten Theorem' that excludes the hypothetical composite and emergent theories (Wienberg & Witten, HUTP-80). This theorem indicates that an i nteracting graviton cannot emerge from an ordinary Quantum Field Theory (QFT) in the same space-time. The Weinberg-Witten theorem forbids the existence of any massless particles with helicity j>1 in any theory with a Lorentz covariant energy-momentum tensor and also restricts charged massless particles of helicity>1/2 in any theory with a Lorentz covariant conserved current. This basically prohibits the existence of both graviton and the gluon but this can be avoided due to gauge symmetries. Taking on from here, this paper proceeds to decode and

Primary Source Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Primary Source Analysis - Research Paper Example He describes the rise of Christians against the Jews as an error in thinking and wonders whether was really inspired by God. Albeit of Aura wanted to portray that the attacks on Christian were not motivated by their duty to defend their religion, but it was out of pure greed for wealth. He claims that in all the successful expeditions the Christians took and shared the large amount of Jews wealth Ekkehard of Aura describes Emico, a Christian soldier as to be of ill morals and compares him to the biblical Saul whose main aim was to persecute the Christians. He describes expeditions over Emico’s leaders as inconsiderate and ruthless. Ekkehard states that the Christian’s were out to attack any Jew they came along with no consideration on their support of Christianity. He tries to bring out a point that, Christian’s goal was to destroy the Jews and rob them of their possessions. Ekkehard and Albert’s claims are somehow different from the letter of Aymeric to L ouis II of France. Aymeric letter’s was meant to put across a message of suffering the Christian’s were facing in the hands of the many organized Jews. The letter was written in such a way to convince the King to offer the Christians support as a fight back toward the many Jews. Aymeric portrays a weak Christian society against a large group of Jews. Albert and Ekkehard notes the Christian’s cruelty, lack of mercy and persecution of the Jews because of their own race. From their presentation of the message the two authors describes Christian’s acts towards the Jews with a lot of personal feelings attached. He portrays their support for the Jews especially where they use strong abusive words to describe the Christians as greedy, cruel, and merciless and error minded. Amyrec on the other side on his letter to the king of France is seen requesting on enforcement against the Jews. The attacks on the Jews that occurred during the first crusade were cruel and u nnecessary acts that have drawn the line between the future Catholics and Jews. But there is no clear evidence on whether the Catholics organized the crusades specifically targeting theJews or it what motivated by the need to rob them their wealth. Amyrec letter shows the catholic Christian’s request for assistance from the western world (France). If the attacks on the Jews originated from the western world, then this doesn’t display the so called a strong tradition of hatred to the Jews communities. If what Ekkehardof Aura witnessed is anything to go by then, it was wrong for very many innocent Jews to be killed on the eyes of the concerned Catholics, with no act to alter the situation, and that so many people were misled into doing injustices and enter into conflicts with strangers whom they had nothing to hold against, whose possessions made them a viable target for greedy and inhuman soldiers. The evidence portrayed by the following authors could install fear, misu nderstanding and hatred among the Jews and the Catholics but it’s not strong enough to claim that there is a tradition for the Jews people. Such claims on the part of the Jews sympathizers will arouse the negative sentiments toward the Christians as the Jews considered them as idolaters and for this reason they had no respect for the Christian’s symbols and religion at large. A large group of soldiers consisting of

Fast food Essay Example for Free

Fast food Essay Remember how simple it was to pull up to the drive through and tell the little speaker box what combo you wanted? You weren’t ashamed of asking for large fries and a chocolate milkshake because your stomach can handle anything you decide to digest. The salty golden arches crunched as you took a bite, the juicy double cheeseburger melted in your mouth or the sweet tea quenched your thirst and the hot fudge sundae sent you on a sugar rush. The teenage years were carefree because there was no distinction between healthy and life threatening when it came to choosing where to eat during lunch break. Unfortunately, your figure cannot handle careless food decisions anymore. Now you need to drive past that McDonald’s and find the nearest salad bar. Fast food is not your friend; it’s your enemy. Looking back you must wonder why you thought greasy cheeseburgers and fried chicken were the ideal meal; they certainly did not do any good for your body. Yes it was a quick and easy way to get food but that was during the years you stayed active. As a woman well over her thirties, you are smart enough to know that you don’t have the same metabolism as any eighteen-year-old girl. Face it, you are no longer that little girl who could devour her way through all you can eat buffets and midnight snacks. You are a mother who may have gained a few pounds here and there; nevertheless, you are not allowed to let yourself go. More importantly, do not feed yourself straight into a heart attack because you divert to fast food for dinner. A meat patty is made from the unhealthy parts of the beef. White bread will only make you want to eat again in a couple hours. The oil used to make your favorite value menu snack can eventually clog up your arteries if eaten excessively. Why risk your life for chicken nuggets that never look as good as the ones on the TV commercials? Don’t forget that you are no longer thinking of yourself, you have a husband and children. Are those deep fried onion rings really worth thousands of dollars toward hospital bills and the thought of your family losing its primary caretaker? Now you can pull up to the drive through teller and ask the little speaker box if it knows where the nearest Subway is because you have conquered your need for unhealthy fast food. Don’t let the golden arches confuse you, they are swords to the stomach and the milkshakes will only give you brain freezes. Stay away from that double cheeseburger because it is soaked in oil that leads to high cholesterol and heartburn. Don’t give in to the artificial sweeteners and chocolate because they satisfy you when you have them, but will only make you crash harder. You are stronger than any of the unhealthy products fast food throws your way. If you stay away from them all together, you will no longer have to worry about fast food taking you down. You will come out well figured, healthy, and victorious.

Macbeth: The Weird Sisters :: Free Macbeth Essays

Macbeth: The Weird Sisters         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Elizabethan times, witches were a natural part of life.   Macbeth witnessed this, as seen in the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare.   The evil forces that the weird sisters, who were witches, possessed, put Macbeth's mind in another direction.   This direction was the beginning of his moral downfall and the destruction of his destiny.   The weird sisters warned Macbeth of this in the three apparitions but he continued living his life without realizing that they were speaking of him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Without the weird sisters, Macbeth would have lived a very different life.   It is unknown whether it would have been better or worse.   The weird sisters affected Macbeth   in the worst way.   They tempted him by addressing him as Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Glamis and future king, without ordering him to do anything to obtain these positions.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All hail, Macbeth!   hail to thee, Thane of Glamis!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All hail, Macbeth!   hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All hail, Macbeth!   that shalt be King hereafter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Act 1, Scene 3, Lines 48-50) With this information Macbeth was provided with incentive to kill Duncan the King of Scotland.   He was tempted into believing that if the King was murdered, he was to become what the witches predicted.   While the witches never said this, Macbeth assumed that that was what they meant and the subsequent murder of Duncan was carried out by Macbeth himself, but, he also ordered special murderers to kill Banquo, Lady Macduff and her children.   The murder and bloodshed had absolutely nothing to do with the witches.   Macbeth acted totally out of his own will and beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Macbeth murdered Duncan, it was not planned and thought out. When Macbeth heard the prediction given to him by the three witches, he wrote a letter to his wife (Lady Macbeth).   On reading this letter, Lady Macbeth believed that if Macbeth murdered Duncan he would take his place at the Throne. Lady Macbeth did not know that Duncan thought of her husband as a hero and really wanted him to be Thane of Cawdor, as the original traitor would be killed. When Macbeth returned home, Lady Macbeth told him that he must kill Duncan and persuaded him by calling him a coward.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Which thou esteem'st the ornament of life,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and live a coward in thine own esteem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Act 1, Scene 7, Lines 42-43)    Macbeth gave in to his wife and killed Duncan, only because he was a very proud man and had too much pride.   Eventually Lady Macbeth's conscience took over her and she committed suicide.

Exegesis: Jonah Essay

Jonah and the whale is a very popular children’s story, the classic Sunday school lesson. However, many children grow up with the idea and picture of Geppetto and Pinocchio being swallowing by the whale and sneezed out back onto shore. Though we may not want to tell our children every gruesome detail about Jonah, we can at least get the wording correct and say Jonah and the big or great fish, since there is no evidence that it was a whale in particular. Even though the story of Jonah has caused many scholarly arguments about the genre and the type of narrative it is, whether it allegorical, a fable, or a parable, in the prophet Jonah’s story there are many lessons to be learned about God.1 In Jonah 1:11-17, we find God brings good and punishment from our weaknesses and disobedience. In this paper there are several areas that will be explored. First, a content analysis of Jonah 1:11-17, then a brief history about Nineveh and Jonah’s decision, who the main characters are, Jonah’s rebellion and the good brought out of that, and finishing off with a practical application. Content Analysis In the New International Version, Jonah 1:11-17 reads, â€Å"11The sea was getting rougher and rougher. So they asked him, â€Å"What should we do to you to make the sea calm down for us?† 12 â€Å"Pick me up and throw me into the sea,† he replied, â€Å"and it will become calm. I know that it is my fault that this great storm has come upon you.† 13 Instead, the men did their best to row back to land. But they could not, for the sea grew even wilder than before. 14 Then they cried out to the Lord, â€Å"Please, Lord, do not let us die for taking this man’s life. Do not hold us accountable for killing an innocent man, for you, Lord, have done as you pleased.† 15 Then they took Jonah and threw him overboard, and the raging sea grew calm. 16 At this the men greatly feared the Lord, and they offered a sacrifice to the Lord and made vows to him. 17 Now the Lord provided a huge fish to swallow Jonah, and Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.† In verse 11, the subject of the sailors thinking has turned from them to Jonah and what he has done to cause such a thing and how he can fix it.2 Since they know Jonah is a Hebrew and follows the Hebrew God, they have come to realize and fear his God. Since they asked what they needed to do with him in verse 11, Jonah’s response to them in verse 12 is not pleasing to them. If Jonah would die from being thrown over board then the blood of his life is on their hands and on their time. So in verse 13, the sailors exhaust their last option of trying their best to row back to shore. Earlier they were throwing the cargo overboard to lighten the ship, which considering what the Tarshish ships were famous for transporting, luxury items (see section: Nineveh and Jonah’s Decision, below) the cargo they discarded may have been of a valuable loss. The sea growing even wilder is an example of chaos and God’s willingness to upset the order of nature and his creation to draw humans closer to him and awareness of his existence. By verse 14, the sailors are crying out to God and asking for the blood of Jonah to not be held against them because they did not know what he had done. If they were to throw an innocent man overboard the blood of innocence would be worse than facing the storm they were in. After they pleaded to the God they now know is the true God, they throw Jonah over board and the sea grew calm and the sailors were able to continue on their way. In 16, the fact that the sea grew calm just as Jonah said it would after they threw him overboard made them fear God. They made a sacrifice, which would have been an animal sacrifice offered for the one they fear as act of worship and obedience. Fear in this case denotes an attitude or reverence and honor towards the Lord.3 In verse 17, having a fish arranged to swallow Jonah can be seen as something of a punishment or a lifesaver. After the last couple events, it is easy to say the fish is both punishment and a lifesaver. Punishment for running the opposite direction and the fact that God could have allowed something a little less severe to save him. Also, the fish was Jonah’s earthly lifesaver because sharks, sea urchins, or other things could have led to Jonah’s death from being cast into the sea. Nineveh and Jonah’s Decision Nineveh was a very important city in the Assyrian empire on the brink of destruction.4 It was not until 705 that the city was officially called the capitol of Assyria.5 It is often noted at the â€Å"great city.† It is often argued what the word, great, means in this context. The Greeks saw Nineveh as a wealthy and powerful city.6 Another view of â€Å"great† is that it was a big city with a large population, of about 120,000 with estimations rising all the way up to 600,000. 7 Great in these two senses is about the same, and though it seems to be the correct meaning in this context, it is import to note that it could also mean something else in a different context. Later on in Jonah it means that the city is great even in God’s eyes.8 Even though the Hebrews knew the city as being very evil, it was still a great city to God and mattered just as much. I have heard the actions of Nineveh be equated to the Holocaust. â€Å"The Ninevites followed a pagan path and practiced violence.†9 We find in Nahum chapter three, that Nineveh is described as a bloody city, full of lies and plunder, and many other evils. This city was known to be evil, so Jonah receiving the call to go preach repentance to the people instantly made Jonah mad. There were two things that could happen if Jonah would go, and neither of them were good in his eyes. First, if Jonah were to just prance into Nineveh with the message of repentance against the evil they were practicing the odds weren’t in his favor if the people rejected his message. Surely this call was an inevitable call to Jonah’s demise. He would be captured and tortured by the Ninevites. This scenario doesn’t even seem to be the worst case for Jonah. He is more concerned with the fact that if they do repent from their ways they will no longer have what is coming to them. For all the evil and bloody mess they have been a part of and have caused, they deserve to be harshly judged and punished! Jonah becomes very angry with this call to minister and wishes that he would rather be dead. God answers him in a very brief question about his right to be angry.10 This puts Jonah in check with his emotions and settles the point that it isn’t Jonah who gets to decide or judge the people. The sins of Nineveh were not necessarily against Jonah. Since neither situation of Jonah’s call seemed to fit his idea of fair, he fled the opposite direction of Nineveh. He paid to get on a ship that was on its way to Tarshish, which is generally thought to be a part of Spain.11 First of all fleeing to Tarshish from Israel, and away from Nineveh is interesting because Tarshish isn’t clean like the holy land of Israel, but it isn’t unclean like Nineveh.12 It almost seems like Jonah was trying to hide or just become part of a land that has no good or bad connotations. Second, there is the fact that is often not read into that Jonah was able to pay to get on the ship. Money handlings was a relatively new aspect to their world and only people who were well to do would have been able to afford ship fare.13 So it would make since that Jonah could just up and go to Tarshish, because he had the funds to do so. The boat Jonah paid to board was transporting cargo. Ships of Tarshish were famous for carrying large quantities of expensive metals and luxuries such as gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks.14 Knowing this, it is safe to assume that Jonah is moving up in the world. He has money to board, and is now on a ship that is probably transporting some items that could be useful in gaining wealth, however, the text of Jonah repeatedly says that he went â€Å"down.†15 He was fleeing from the Lord, so this action of going down can be considered to have a symbolic meaning of falling or getting further from the Lord. However, just as we see in the very beginning in the Garden of Eden, we find that there is nowhere you can run to hide from the Lord. Main Characters GOD: In any motif, it is helpful to know who the characters are and a little about their history. The first words in the book of Jonah are the words from God. He is a very important person throughout the whole Bible, and in this book, he has many correspondences with Jonah. Throughout the story we see God’s character being reinforced from what one can learn in earlier books of the Bible. God is compassionate, caring for people no matter what they have done, and just goes to show his unpredictability. We see God’s compassion and caring nature through the sending of his prophet to them for a chance to repent before judgment comes. Though our human nature naturally wants bad things and punishment to be bestowed upon the evildoers, God sees this in a different perspective. He wants good things for all his people. JONAH: Jonah is the central character in the book of Jonah. God commands him to preach to Nineveh in the first chapter, and refers to Jonah as the son of Amittai.16 Throughout the Old Testament we see that anyone who is going to be important has a lineage i.e. son of. Though Jonah is only mentioned as son of one man, this is still significant. â€Å"Jonah’s name means ‘dove.’17 Doves have two meanings attached to them. It is a symbol of love and a sign of peace. Not only are they symbols of love and peace, they also carry the connotation of being a messenger bird. We see this in the Noah and the ark narrative when Noah sends out a dove and it returns, acting as a messenger, with an olive branch, acting as a sign of peace because the chaos of flooding the whole earth had ceased. Next, the meaning of Amittai is â€Å"truth.†18 So ‘Jonah son of Amittai’ can be translated into peaceful messenger of truth. Also, this name and son of can be cross-referenced in the Old Testament in 2 Kings during the reign of Jeroboam II, giving us a time frame reference for when this book was written or when these events took place.19 Though God commands Jonah to go to Nineveh, Jonah is never taken into God’s confidence.20 This means Jonah didn’t know what God’s intentions were behind this decree. Was God simply warning the Ninevites about their upcoming judgment day, or was this going to be what made them have a change of heart and accept Jonah’s message? This was left up to Jonah to grapple with, but as we see Jonah heads straight to anger in the fact that God is even considering giving them a chance to repent! SAILORS: The sailors on the ship going to Tarshish, were the first to come into physical contact with Jonah. This contact happened to be during Jonah’s fleeing from the Lord’s command. The sailors were Gentiles and having to deal with Tarshish puts them into the category of not being clean or unclean. They had their own gods and deities to which they prayed and pleaded too when the sea went chaotic. Though they are not particularly doing anything wrong from what they know, they handle themselves very well from the beginning of the story to the end of the story.21 They are just ignorant; yet carry out their duties as best they can.22 They cry out to their gods and cast lots and when they know it is Jonah, the Hebrew, whom they must throw off the ship, they do everything they can to avoid killing a man and having his blood on their hands. NINEVITES: The people of Nineveh is the evil community whom Jonah has been instructed to preach about the day of judgment coming to them and that they must repent or be punished. Nineveh was the capitol of Assyria, which was overthrown not long after their repentance. Jonah’s Rebellion and God’s Grace Jonah 1:11-17 is the after math of Jonah’s rebellion and what his punishment was, for not obeying the first time God commanded him to go to Nineveh. In the first part of Jonah 1, Jonah is called to go, but out of discomfort towards the idea of Nineveh getting off scot free from their offenses he flees the opposite direction. Thinking he can escape from the face of the Lord, God follows wherever he goes and creates chaos to show his anger and disappointment that he disobeyed. Jonah must be thrown overboard to save the sailors and their ship. However, it is because of Jonah’s rebellion that these sailors come to know of the Hebrew God’s power. If it were not for Jonah disobeying, these sailors may never have heard or experienced God in such a powerful way. They turned from their old ways and offered a sacrifice to the Lord and repented to the one true God. Though there is no further evidence, these sailors probably had families, so the rebellion may have led to a d omino effect and impacted their families and friends. Jonah’s missionary commission was not revoked just because of his disobedience.23 God’s resistance to letting Jonah get away with his disobedience act was enough to save Jonah by providing a fish to swallow him up and pretty much put him in timeout so he could think and pray about what he had done and what he will have to do. This fish conveniently spits him up on the shore of Nineveh so his journey there is not as long. Jonah completed what could have been an easy task when he finished his journey through the city of Nineveh. This journey of preaching of the soon upcoming destruction if they don’t repent and turn from their ways. In conclusion of Jonah’s disobedience, the Jonah’s negligence to accept God’s call the first time ended up bringing more good than if he would have just gone the first time. A whole ship crew was won over because of the stormy sea and the calming after throwing Jonah overboard. This ship crew would have told their families and friends which might have led to domino effect. Also, the city of Nineveh was won over by Jonah’s message. Whether it was because during the days of Jonah’s running, God was preparing their hearts to receive the message, or because of Jonah’s awful stench from being in the fish for three days and nights, God brought so much good out of Jonah’s mistake. Conclusion In an overall conclusion, the book of Jonah has some very unique and intriguing aspects about God and his divine plan. There is also no telling who is going to be used in God’s plan or who will accept His grace and forgiveness, so as we research the history of the characters in the Bible narratives we find many diversities. Even though those characters may screw up or deliberately disobey, God can bring good out of it, if we are willing to confess and do the write thing. God makes all things work together for good. He also cares for all of His creation, but He is willing to create some chaos in nature if it means bringing His creation, made in His image, closer to him. Practical Application A young woman, named Welma, was recently married to a man named Harry. All Welma ever wanted to do was to be a stay at home mom and be a loyal, supporting wife so she never went to college. She met Harry at a grocery store one night and one thing led to another. Now that they are married Harry has been feeling a great deal of passion to work in a prison ministry and felt particularly led towards helping men, who had sexually abused or assaulted someone, get over any shame or guilt they may have. Though Welma loves and wants to fully support Harry, she was a victim of sexual abuse and she feels as if Harry is betraying her by wanting to help men who have committed such a crime. She feels as if it is an unforgivable sin and they should have to suffer through the guilt and whatever punishment that comes their way. So though she agreed to be supportive in all Harry does, she can’t bring herself to come along side him and help in any way. Since this is how she feels she avoids the topics at all possible cost. They have only been married three years, and she doesn’t want him to feel like she is abandoning him, even though under the surface that was exactly what she was doing. She was running from the call to help her husband preach the good news of repentance and grace. It is during this time of running that she is forced to face some issues that she has been dealing with since this ministry came back up. While Harry is away at the prisons, she is reading her Bible and meditating on why she feels so hurt by Harry’s insistence on helping such bad people. She spends her time doing this at a local coffee shop and there are a group of young girls, probably in high school who have a class break during the time Welma studies at the coffee shop. Since the girls go in there on a regular basis they often see Welma studying. Two of these girls have been raised in the church, but weren’t living out God’s commands, and the other two girls had no clue what Welma was always intently studying and why should would often just be sitting there with a puzzled look on her face. One morning, while Wilma was just getting through her studies the girls decide to go say hi. Welma is somewhat surprised by this because she recalls wanting nothing to do with people her age when she was in high school. The girls ask her what she is always doing there and why she looked puzzled most of the time. Feeling bold, Welma decided to explain to her situation to the girls, and ask what they might do in that place. The two girls who were not raised in the church immediately said they would leave him. Let him do what he wants, if he is going to hurt her like that. However, the other two girls were slower to answer because deep down they had a feeling they knew what was the right thing to do. So one girl spoke up and told Welma to work it out with God and pray for the strength to forgive and move on from that incident. She told her to pray for her husband’s ministry and that God could slowly work Welma into helping him with small tasks at first, but gradually be brought in and help out with big things. The girl’s three friends were shocked at how their friend answered Welma’s question. They had never heard her talk like that or heard her talk about God. With this, being such a shock, the girls were instantly intrigued and in awe of this wisdom and advice, which sounded like there was more behind it. So together Welma and the two girls who had grown up in church were able to minister to the other two girls. Over time Welma was able to jump into helped Harry with what she could, but mostly just supporting him since it was mostly just a men’s prison ministry. Welma was able to let go of her past and let God heal her and even better, Welma was able to start a high school ministry with those girls and teens that were in abusive situations. Through Welma’s distress and discomfort with the Gospel message being brought to people who had done terrible things, God was able to mend Welma’s broken heart, strengthen her marriage, and start a whole other ministry with girls who had been in her same scenario. Bibliography Baker, D.W., T. Desmond Alexander, Bruce K. Waltke. Obadiah, Jonah, Micah: An Introduction and Commentary. Downers Grove, Ill.: Intervarsity Pr, 1988. Bolin, Thomas M. â€Å"Should i Not Also Pity Nineveh? Divine Freedom in the Book of Jonah.† Journal for the Study of the Old Testament no. 67 (1995): 109-20. Cary, Phillip. Jonah. Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos Press, 2008. Ferguson, Paul. â€Å"Who Was the King of Nineveh in Jonah 3: 6.† Tyndale Bulletin 42, no. 7 (1996): 301-14. Forti, Tova. â€Å"Of Ships and Seas, and Fish and Beasts: Viewing the Concept of Universal Providence in the Book of Jonah through the Prism of Psalms.† Journal for the Study of the Old Testament35, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 359-374.Sargent James E., Basic Bible Commentary: Hosea through Jonah. Graded Press, 1988. Jenson, Philip Peter. Obadiah, Jonah, Micah: a Theological Commentary. New York: T&T Clark, 2008. Lamb, Christopher. â€Å"Nineveh Revisited: Theory and Practice in Interfaith Relations.† International Bulletin of Missionary Research (October 1984): 156-58. Limburg, James. Jonah: a Commentary. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1993. Sargent, James E. Hosea through Jonah. Graded Press, 1988. Sasson, Jack M. Jonah (the Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries). London: Yale University Press, 1995. Timmer, Daniel C. â€Å"A Gracious and Compassionate God: Mission, Salvation and Spirituality in the Book of Jonah.† Westminster Theological Journal (March 1, 2008): 159-75. Wiseman, Donald J. â€Å"Jonah’s Nineveh.† The Tyndale Biblical Archaeology Lecture (1997): 29-51.

Functionalism: Sociology and Social Order

The functionalist model of how society works has many limitations and few strengths. ’’ Explain and also asses this view. By Sadhana sanba In the study of sociology, functionalist perspective is a view of society that focuses on the way various parts of society have functions and live in a ‘consensus’ that maintain the stability and social order of the whole. Functionalist model of how society works tends to focus to be an organized, stable, well integrated system , in which most members agree on basic values which is as called’ ‘value consensus’.However, functionalist theory alongside the other school of theories such as marrxism (conflict theory) and interactionism is criticized for having many limitsaitons of explaining thew social phenomenon of its working. Herbert spencer an early functionalist and later emile Durkheim compares the working of society to the organic analogy and the way a biological organisms works. Any organisms has a structure- that is , a set of inter-related components, such as head, limbs, a heart lungs and so on.Each of these parts has functions – that is a positive and need consequence for the whole system. In th3ee same way, spencer argued , a society has structure. Its inter-related parts are family, religion, values and norms, social elements and so on. Ideally,hence, each of these componenets also has a function that contributes to the overall stability of social system. However, the analogy has many . limmits. it is difficult for example to compare the way organisms grow to the way society grows and change. Is therea social equivalent to the DNA the genetic program present in every species?Does a society really have a series of complementary institution together to make the whole function smoothly to the mutual benefit of all? Although, Modern-structural-functionalism does not press the analogy between a society and an organism and has subsequently been much refined and modifi ed, however, the functionalist view of how society works still has few strength only Talcott Parson(1951) argues that any society has four functional needs or pre-requisites that need to be met for it to survive: these are adaptation ,goal attainment, integration and latency (AGIL).However , his model of society’s working has been havily criticized for being bland abd fruitless by the way arsons went about examining society. Parsons also tried to show how consensus based on shared values is essential to social order. He also concluded that the stratified system is crucial in mainting consensus in society which, in the other way, conflict theory of karl marx describes as ‘inequality’.Parsons and Durkheim evidently saw social inequality ‘stratification’ as a necessary and universal feature of society and that inequality could be mitigated by the prevalence of social mobility completely disregarding the fact that social inquality in a society is a key s ource of social conflict and dominancy. Also, the functional view of assuming the existence of a meritocratic society i. e, a society where everyone has a equal chance og achieving high social status and reward is not contextual.This kind of role and effects only works if many other features of society are ignored and even distorted.. here, Melvin Tumin (1953) argues that how and why are some social position assumed to be functionally more important than others ? Who decided and how ? The concept of ‘functional satisfication is value laden and deciding which postions are functionally more important than others cannot be done objectively for example the payment that the top football stars in the Uk and the earnings of the prime minister in the same country. The players ears six times mored than the political figure .Hence, society always cannot be induced by the material rewards and functional theory maybe dysfunctional and damaging it may generate conflict and antagonism betwe en social strata rather than furthering social integration to which Weberain view explains the dynamics of stratification in modern society with existence of conflicts between owners and workers creating white collar and blue collar workers. Functional view of creating social order an important model of society ,has been criticized for its limitation on the fact that it serves only the selfish ambitions of the rich and powerful.As Durkhein believes t hat society is in its essence its moral codes . The rules and order, the degree competitiveness between people and governmental conducts help to cement and build social order he called them the mechanical and organic principles of solidarity . The description of ‘mechanical solidarity and ‘organic solidarity’ provides insides about the basic way of forming social order in society which in face Max Weber argues is more applicable and impliable only in the industrial complex societies and is criticized by Marx for disre garding the poor , economically weak and ‘proletariat’ as in his words, society.Hence, the phenomenon of ‘collective conscience’ and ‘value consensus’ the functionalist theory implies in one way or other inherently conservative that is focused only on a particular social theme. It does not consider that order and conflict exist side by side and as Marx says is achieved through the domination by the few over the many, and that domination is possible because it reflects the economic circumstances of the groups which is constantly unstable as it is based on equality and continuing conflict of interest between those who own the means of production and who don’t.In the same way interactionist view of how society works emphasizes that members of societies are not just constrained in their everyday lives by moral codes or by economic relationships but that each individual are actors in each situation they negotiate or confront to which is also simplifiedly said ‘situational interaction’ Hence, functionlist perspective is limited with logical problem it embraces,if something in society is recurrent, functionlist say that it must be meeting a need.Functionalism lacks any real power to explain social change or changes. It leans heavily towards describing society in a stable condition and seems to emphasizes the status- quo: the media reflect all views, women are domestically oriented, marriages are happy, all individualist are ladened by values and norms that they internalize confining into it to create social order and so on.Functionalist risk the temptation of dismissing disruptive changes as dysfunctional, even if those changes are necessary, inevitable and beneficial in the long run However functionalist theory perspective is useful in explaining the functions or consequences, that a given element has in society which contribute the stability of the social system as a whole and hence, therefore, insights hum an beings of their existence and role in a society. Posted byingsamaat9:06 AM 1 comment: 1. BuzzerOctober 9, 2011 9:31 AM It really helped me a lot. ReplyDelete Add comment

What Is EOP Your Guide to Educational Opportunity Programs

What Is EOP Your Guide to Educational Opportunity Programs SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Traditionally, low-income students have been excluded from higher education, or they have faced obstacles that make graduating from college extremely difficult. Programs like the Educational Opportunity Program are designed to provide the necessary support to disadvantaged students to enable their success in college and beyond. In this article, I’ll describe EOP, detail the advantages of participating in an Educational Opportunity Program, and let you know how to enroll. What Is EOP? The Educational Opportunity Program, or EOP, is a counseling and academic support program designed to helplow-income and first generation college students succeed in college. A student is first generation if neither parent went to college. EOPs are state programs, and they're typically only for in-state residents of public colleges. The purpose of these programsis to help students who face additional obstacles in higher education succeed academically and graduate.There are EOPs in a number of states, but it's not available in every state or at every college.Look at a school’s website or contact its admissions office to see if it has an EOP. EOP is available at California State University and University of California campuses.While each CSU campus has an EOP, the only UC schools that have an EOP are UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UC Santa Barbara, and UC Santa Cruz. However, there are comparable programs at the other UC schools. Additionally, there are EOPs in New York at State University of New York (SUNY) schools and in New Jersey at schools like New Jersey Institute of Technology, Rider University, and Seton Hall University. There are similar programs at state colleges in New Jersey through the Educational Opportunity Fund (EOF). I also found EOPs at Oregon State and University of Washington. Most campuses that offer EOP provide a summer program for EOP students to help them transition to college and prepare for college life. Thestudents get to live on campus and strengthen their academic skills before college starts. During the academic year, EOP offers counseling, mentorship, and academic advising for enrolledstudents to help them succeed academically. Furthermore, EOP offers students career advice and preparation for graduate studies.Also, some programs provide financial assistance, including offering grants and waiving or deferring certain fees. Steven Depolo/Flickr How Is EOP Eligibility Determined? Eligibility does vary by campus, butit's typicallybased on income requirements, meaning that yourfamily's income must be below a certain amount for you to qualify for the program. Each state's income threshold is slightly different. As an example, at CSUs, the maximum income for a family of four is $46,400. At CSUs, you must meet EOP income criteria to be eligible for EOP.If your family income exceeds the guidelines, you may still be considered for EOP if your demonstrated Expected Family Contribution is less than $1,500. Check this page for the income requirements for SUNY schools.At SUNY schools, EOP is also designed for students who don’t meet the normal admission requirements but show academic promise. Here are the income requirements in New Jersey. For most EOPs, only in-state residents and US citizens or permanent residents are eligible for EOP. In California, undocumented immigrants who qualify for in-state tuition through AB540 are also eligible for all California EOPs. Generally, EOP eligibility guidelines are less strict at UC campuses.At UC Berkeley, any low-income,first generation, or historically underrepresented students (African-American, Chicano/Latino, and Native-American) are eligible for EOP.At UCSB, EOP services all students but focuses on low-income and first generation undergraduates. Why Should You Join EOP? If you apply to a school that has an EOP and you’re eligible, I highly recommend trying to join the program.Not only can you receive financial benefits but also the transitional summer program and advising can help you be successful in college and beyond. Many EOP students come from under-resourced schools and don’t enter college as prepared as their more affluent peers.Furthermore, because thesestudents may not have parents or family members who are knowledgeable about college, they’re not able to get the same guidance as other students, unless they participate in programs like EOP. Also, low-income, first generation college students can feel isolated on college campuses and have a hard time relating to their fellow students who come from more privileged backgrounds.EOP can help you find a community of students with backgrounds similar to yours, and you can receive counseling and mentorship to help you deal with the struggles that come from being a low-income, first generation college student. Many of the students I worked with joined EOP. Generally, they were grateful for the program, and I believe all of the students I know who were in EOP ended up graduating from college. Ralph Daily/Flickr How Do You Enroll in EOP? Typically, there is an application process to become part of EOP.Your financial information may be verified from your/your parents’ tax returns or the information you provide on your FAFSA.Check a school’s website or contact the EOP office if you have any questions. For CSUs, if you are interested in enrolling in EOP, you must complete asupplemental application,which is more demanding than most schools'.In addition to providing basic information, you have to provide recommendations and answer short answer questions. Not only do you have to meet the basic requirements but also you must be a motivated student who would appear to benefit from EOP. For UCs, you just have to enter additional information on your UC application if you’re interested in EOP.Also, you should indicate your interest in your UC personal statement. For SUNY schools, submit the regular application and indicate your interest in EOP. You may be asked to fill out additional forms and provide documentation. What If a School Doesn’t Have EOP or You’re Not Eligible? If you’re interested in participating in EOP but the schools you want to apply to don’t have an EOP or you’re not eligible, you may still be able to take advantage of support services to help you succeed in college.Look on the school’s website for support services. If you’re a low-income or first generation student, you can contact the admissions office to ask about specific support programs for low-income or first generation students. On Big Future, you can search for schools with support services for low-income or minority students. Additionally, on each school’s profile, you can view the types of support services that are available. Paul Townsend/Flickr What's Next? If you're stressing the cost of college, read this article to learn how to get a full ride scholarship. Maybe you're wondering whether or not college is right for you. Make an informed decision and decide for yourself if you should go to college. Finally, make sure you know how to research and choose a college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

7 Subjects of Academic Terminology

7 Subjects of Academic Terminology 7 Subjects of Academic Terminology 7 Subjects of Academic Terminology By Mark Nichol Go to the head of the class by observing these rules, recommendations, and conventions about scholastic terminology: 1. Courses Specific course names are capitalized but not enclosed in quotation marks: â€Å"Every section of Introduction to Psychology is closed.† A numbered course, even a conjectural one, is also capitalized: â€Å"The senator obviously failed Economics 101 [or â€Å"Econ 101†].† Generic references, however, should be lowercased: â€Å"She was late to her engineering class.† 2. Degrees A reference to an academic degree is best spelled out, and should be lowercased: â€Å"She earned a bachelor’s degree in English.† â€Å"A master’s degree usually requires completion of a master’s thesis.† â€Å"All earned their doctoral degrees [or â€Å"doctorates†] at prestigious universities.† This form simplifies matters, because use of initials is complicated by a couple of factors: First, not all universities style degrees with the abbreviations BA, MA, or PhD; some reverse the letter order in the first two cases. (PhD, for â€Å"doctor of philosophy,† is already reversed, so it’s inconsistent, but let’s just let that long-standing convention go.) Furthermore, distinct abbreviations exist for a bachelor’s degree in divinity (BD), fine arts (BFA), music (BM), and science (BS). The same holds true for some master’s degrees. For simplicity, use the generic phrase â€Å"bachelor’s degree† or â€Å"master’s degree. Also, people are divided on whether to include periods after each initial; if you must use abbreviations, omitting periods is the simplest solution (especially if you use plural forms). Note that unless the name of the major is a proper noun, such as the name of a language, it should be lowercased: â€Å"Every applicant has a master’s degree in business administration.† (Anyone who has attained this degree may also be referred to as a master of business administration, but that unusual usage seems pretentious.) 3. Divisions The lowercase form of an academic discipline is distinct from that employed for a specific reference to an academic department, such as â€Å"She has taught in the Department of Business Administration [or â€Å"the Business Administration Department†] for seventeen years.† But initial caps are not called for if the reference is casual, as in â€Å"She has taught business administration for seventeen years.† Names of schools or colleges within a university are capitalized: â€Å"the School of Business,† â€Å"the College of Fine Arts.† 4. Grades Letter grades should not be emphasized with quotation marks or with italics (unless distinguishing them as terms, as here). The forms for various usages follow: A, B+, Cs, D-plus, F-minuses. (Some publications use an en dash for a minus sign.) Although the plural form of the optimum letter grade could conceivably be misconstrued as the word as, be consistent in omitting apostrophes as well. 5. Honors When a person is generically referred to as having received an academic fellowship, lowercase fellow; when the fellowship is specifically named, capitalize the word: â€Å"For you to qualify to be a Stegner Fellow, we do not require any degrees or tests for admission.† Other specific references should be capitalized, as in â€Å"He is a former National Merit Scholarship Merit Scholar.† â€Å"Cum laude,† â€Å"magna cum laude,† and â€Å"summa cum laude† are lowercased and need not be italicized, because they are Latin terms widely adopted into English. Honors and superlative forms are not capitalized, either. 6. Levels Class levels are always lowercased: freshman, sophomore, and so on, as well as in phrases like â€Å"postgraduate studies,† â€Å"postdoctorate research,† and â€Å"premedical [or â€Å"premed†] studies.† Numbered class-level grades can be spelled out or rendered in numeral form according to a publication’s style, but it’s best to be consistent. For example, if your publication adheres to The Associated Press Stylebook, instead of spelling out grades up to nine and then using numbers for ten and above, use numerals for â€Å"1st grade† through â€Å"12th grade.† Hyphenate â€Å"fourth grade† and the like only when the term modifies a noun: â€Å"fourth-grade student.† No hyphen is necessary for â€Å"fourth graders† and similar constructions, either. Indicate grade ranges, as any number range, by linking the low and high numbers with an en dash, not a hyphen (unless en dash style for a Web site is a hyphen, as here). Variations from â€Å"students in grades 6-8† are â€Å"students in sixth through eighth grades† and, less gracefully, â€Å"sixth- to eighth-grade students.† Some publications spell out isolated grades but use numbers in ranges. For schools with prekindergartners and/or kindergartners, the number-range style is â€Å"P-5† or â€Å"PK-5† (and, occasionally and clumsily, â€Å"preK-5†), or â€Å"K-5. When spelling early grades out, do not capitalize kindergarten or prekindergarten; also, it’s kindergartner, not kindergartener. 7. Titles A first reference to an academician should capitalize the title before the person’s name: â€Å"Associate Professor Jane Doe is teaching the course next semester.† But subsequent references to the person need not repeat her job title: â€Å"Doe taught it last year, but it was not offered in the fall.† As with any other job title, an academic title is usually lowercased in isolation (â€Å"The professor looked askance at the late arrival.†) or in apposition (â€Å"Jane Doe, associate professor of business administration, is teaching the course next semester.†) The exceptions are for what are called named, or endowed, professorships or chairs: â€Å"She was named the John Doe Professor of Life Sciences†; â€Å"He is Mary Smith Chair of Social Sciences at Jones University.† It is widely considered bad form to use the abbreviation Dr. to identify someone who has earned a doctorate; this title is best reserved for medical doctors. Note that the general preference for minimization of capitalization can be relaxed in special circumstances such as lists or other display text, such as a roster of honorees or a caption below a photograph. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsBody Parts as Tools of MeasurementSit vs. Set

Court system has been plagued by increasing numbers of criminal Essay

Court system has been plagued by increasing numbers of criminal defendants - Essay Example However, if it is a serious offence, they are taken to the higher-district or supreme courts for trial (Stojkovic, Kalinich and Klofas 174). However, things might become complicated if the defendant is having a mental illness or is involved in the use of illegal narcotics. Unlike other sound defendants, this class of defendants needs to have a special treatment because of the uniqueness of their conditions. For the legal process to be fair, the mentally ill suspects should be granted an opportunity to ascertain their capability of standing a trial. It is recommended that they be tried in a different way since their condition is so unique. This is necessary because it might have made them vulnerable to committing the criminal acts they are accused of. At the same time, it might make them to be unfit to stand trial in the court of law (Welsh and Harris 82). In this regard, they should either be tried in a specially established drug and mental illness courts; be tried by specially-trained judges; or be tried in the normal courts, but on separate calendar days allocated for them. All these are necessary because they can guarantee them the justice that they require. Unlike the other normal accused persons, those with mental illness or on illegal drugs require a special attention (Council of State Governments 41). For instance, the mentally ill defendants need to be referred to the Mental Health Review Tribunal to determine their capability and direct if they need to become forensic patients to be cared for in the hospital or correctional centers. As a patriot, I am concerned about a crime-free society. If I got a chance, I would contribute towards eliminating criminal activities in the country. If mandated by the Chief Justice to contribute towards the possibilities of trying mentally ill criminals, I will organize my team and conduct an extensive research. This will be done by identifying the target population and actively involving them

Population, Migration, Cultural and Language Geography Assignment

Population, Migration, Cultural and Language Geography - Assignment Example Islam is a term that is used to refer to that act of submitting or rather yielding to the will of God. On the other hand, a Muslim refers to an individual who submits, yields, or rather practices the will of God. A person who professes Islam must, therefore, believe in five important beliefs that guide their faith. The first pillar is that there is only one God worth worshipping and who is Allah. The second pillar requires Muslims to pray five times a day while facing the Holy city of Mecca. Thirdly, Muslims believe that they attain purification and growth each time they set out to give to charities. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims engage in fasting as a way of self-purification. Finally, this faith encourages Muslims, more so those who are physically and financially able, to make a pilgrimage journey to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. The church of Latter Day Saints is a restoration movement that falls under Protestantism. It was born from reformists who sought to break loose from religious practices which were largely viewed as discriminative and practically inapplicable. The reformers were also angered in the manner in which leadership of those churches was running its affairs. Saying that the â€Å"American English Language is an evolutionary product from British English† implies that the American English traces its origin to the British English and which has been slightly modified so as to appear unique or rather original. Ebonics is that kind of English mostly spoken by black American and which is made up of incorrectly spelt words or improper sentences. This is attributed to the blacks disinterest in understanding the basics of the correct American English language thus resulting in deteriorated English. Migration Geography is that branch of earth’s study that involves studying the movement of people from one place to the other and the various causes that trigger such movement. People normally move from one place to the other place for work or settlement for a number of reasons.